Читать книгу Jeanne Guyon’s Christian Worldview - Jeanne de la Mothe Guyon - Страница 9

Paul—sent neither by human commission nor from human authorities, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead—2 and all the members of God’s family who are with me, to the churches of Galatia: 3 Grace to you and peace from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, 4 who gave himself for our sins to set us free from the present evil age, according to the will of our God and Father, 5 to whom be the glory forever and ever. Amen. (Gal 1:1–5)

Paul tells us God chooses some ministers and gives them the authority of an apostle. Paul was an apostle of this kind. He was chosen by the resurrected Jesus Christ yet did not know Jesus in this world. Because of this, he did not have the advantage of the other apostles who lived with Jesus Christ.

An apostle has the privilege to communicate grace and peace to those who approach. In fact, the apostle’s true character is to communicate peace, because the spirit of Jesus Christ animates an apostle. An apostle must carry peace as Jesus Christ bore it on earth. But to whom did Jesus show himself on earth? To those who received his word and were his disciples, as he spoke to them: “Peace I leave with you; my peace I give to you. I do not give to you as the world gives” (John 14:27).

We know that the world gives only a superficial peace grounded on profound disorder, violence, and war.

Jesus Christ gives his peace only to his followers. He says, “Do not think I have come to bring peace to the earth; I have not come to bring peace, but a sword” (Matt 10:34). His word is peace for us. Others, though, reject Jesus Christ’s word and instead choose a sword for their peace. Jesus Christ gives us his peace and delivers us from our sins. By his actions, we are delivered from this evil century, so full of trouble and war. The will of God is that we are delivered and separated from this evil century.

I am astonished that you are so quickly deserting the one who called you in the grace of Christ and are turning to a different gospel—7 not that there is another gospel, but there are some who are confusing you and want to pervert the gospel of Christ. 8 But even if we or an angel from heaven should proclaim to you a gospel contrary to what we proclaimed to you, let that one be accursed! (Gal 1:6–8)

It is a strange thing to know that even at the birth and beginning of the Christian faith, some people were fighting against the purity of our faith. We know from these Scriptures that the church has been persecuted since its inception. Evil is always actively trying to destroy the church. We know that the devil had tried to destroy Jesus Christ when he was an infant by persuading Herod to kill him. Because of this, Joseph took the infant Jesus to Egypt to save him. Later the devil inspired the crucifixion of Jesus and then these evil powers believed that they had annihilated him by his death. However, Jesus frustrated their plan, because his divine Father resurrected him from the dead. When believers are persecuted, Jesus carries all faithful believers in his heart. We all have victory through the power of Jesus Christ’s resurrection.

But the power of evil did not give up when his plans to destroy both Jesus Christ and the beginning of the church failed. The devil saw that he had not been successful in destroying the early church. So he made a plan to deceive the human race. The devil began persecuting Jesus’ children. He relentlessly worked to have people kill the faithful Christians. But the devil did not know that the blood of the martyrs is a seed that produces one hundred percent. Instead of destroying the church, these martyrs established the church. The devil’s second deception was the one Paul confronts in his letter to the Galatians. The devil deceived people about the law and tried to destroy the pure freedom of the Gospel. He made people believe falsely that they needed to still follow the rigors and details of the law. By going back to the law, these believers desert the gospel.

We know that Jesus Christ wants to give birth to new children in his church by placing his pure spirit within them. Because the Spirit of the Lord is always the same, it is certain that his children live in the purity of the Holy Spirit. Faithful Christians differ from these others who fall into error and derangement designed by the devil. These who fall under the power of evil are soon lost from the Spirit of the Lord, that is to say, they lose the spirit of docility and dependence on the movement of the Holy Spirit.

God wants to establish his faith in all his children and to reunite all the nations under his faith by his Spirit. The jealous devil always fights against the church. He wants the persecution of all Christians and tries to destroy the interior knowledge of the faith that grows within the human heart. The Lord gives us his Spirit within. Yet the devil makes people abuse those who have the Spirit of the Lord. But far from being astonished and afraid when this happens, we must, to the contrary, rejoice and hope. Even after the strong storm of persecution, we live in the calm hope of the Lord. In all times, we hold firmly to the gospel preached by Jesus Christ and by his disciples. They preached about the purity of the Spirit of the Lord within us and warned not to go to another. If we preach another, that one be cursed! The gospel teaches us that we can speak through power of the Spirit. If we in faith repudiate error and abuse, we have increased within us Jesus Christ’s truth and the interior spirit.

Am I now seeking human approval, or God’s approval? Or am I trying to please people? If I were still pleasing people, I would not be a servant of Christ. (Gal 1:10)

Anyone who examines the words of Paul will see that he is the servant of Jesus Christ. Alas, the way he lives is very rare! Where do we find a person who does not want to please other humans and who does not instead search to find self-glory? Where do we find a person indifferent to hatred and contempt as well as love and approval? Where do we find a person who is dead to all creatures and does not skillfully aim to get their esteem? Where do we find a person who keeps God in view in all things? Yet Paul assures us that the moment we will to please people is the same moment we stop being the servant of Jesus Christ.

For I want you to know, brothers and sisters, that the gospel that was proclaimed by me is not of human origin; 12 for I did not receive it from a human source, nor was I taught it, but I received it through a revelation of Jesus Christ. (Gal 1:11–12)

Paul describes his own life and says without hesitation that God in his mercy gave him the revelation of Jesus Christ. Paul shows us in this passage how we are to live the Christian faith. At all times we are to keep our sight on the pure glory of God in all situations. God inspires us to witness to him. We are never to keep secret what the Lord has done for us. When God acts, we witness about this to others and tell them about the Lord’s mercy to us. Also, at all times, we reverently worship the Spirit of God and watch for the movements and actions of the Spirit.

We also see in this passage that Paul testifies to the good and holy revelations of Christ given to us. Because of the persecutions against Christians, there are people who condemn Christ’s revelations saying that they are false. Corrupt ideas like this are never to be believed because they are deceptions planned by evil.

You have heard, no doubt, of my earlier life in Judaism. I was violently persecuting the church of God and was trying to destroy it. 14 I advanced in Judaism beyond many among my people of the same age, for I was far more zealous for the traditions of my ancestors. 15 But when God, who had set me apart before I was born and called me through his grace, was pleased 16 to reveal his Son to me, so that I might proclaim him among the Gentiles, I did not confer with any human being, 17 nor did I go up to Jerusalem to those who were already apostles before me, but I went away at once into Arabia, and afterwards I returned to Damascus. (Gal 1:13–17)

Here Paul talks more about his life and freely witnesses to the grace that God gave him. Even while he describes his tradition and life, he confesses openly to his sins and faults. He does this because simple truth never hides anything. We need to speak truth because we glorify God with words of truth. We also strengthen others when we speak words of truth.

Paul describes his call from Jesus Christ and in this, we see both the goodness and strength of God. Paul openly states that he formerly opposed God’s grace and violently persecuted the early church. Yet through the grace of God, Paul became the most glorious of the apostles. We see Paul’s faithfulness in his response to God’s call and grace by following Jesus Christ without consulting with flesh and blood.

We know that not everybody answers the call of Jesus Christ. In fact, some people called evade this call, and do not live for Jesus Christ. They do this because they think that their temporal interest, attachment to flesh and blood, or social situation is more important than God. Instead of doing this, they should have a trusting faith to follow the grace of God, like Paul did.

Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along with me. 2 I went up in response to a revelation. Then I laid before them (though only in a private meeting with the acknowledged leaders) the gospel that I proclaim among the Gentiles, in order to make sure that I was not running, or had not run, in vain. (Gal 2:1–2)

We see again in this passage how Paul was following the Spirit of the Lord and revelation. Therefore, he must conduct himself with faithfulness by following where the Lord shows him to go. He must not deceive others about this, but be honest and witness to others about this. When Paul speaks the truth, he is obedient to God. This applies to all faithful people.

Some wonder about revelation and how we know them to be true. In this situation we look to the witness of Scripture. If a revelation goes against Scripture, than it is to be suspected. Yet in those circumstances, we must act humanely and show others the true witness of the Lord expressed in Scripture.

No one was better led by the Spirit of the Lord than Paul. No one was more faithful to following God’s movements and His grace. However, Paul does not consult other apostles because he has inside himself the light of the Spirit. Truly, he vigorously follows what is the will of God. Finally, he powerfully succeeds for the good of the church.

But because of false believers secretly brought in, who slipped in to spy on the freedom we have in Christ Jesus, so that they might enslave us—5 we did not submit to them even for a moment, so that the truth of the gospel might always remain with you. (Gal 2:4–5)

It is amazing to see how God uses Paul who had been the greatest zealot of the law. He had forcefully and violently demanded the exact observance of the law. Now after his conversion, Paul becomes the most powerful defender of the freedom of Jesus Christ. He now ardently lives the simplicity and freedom of the Gospel. He refused to change his conduct, even if others wanted or even demanded him to change.

Paul openly admits that the church included false brothers who had come to spy on them so that they would find a way to condemn him and other believers. Yet Paul continued to witness to Jesus Christ. O the heart of a true apostle! Where does one find a person that, far from seeking to please people, actually through faith confronts them? Paul trusted the Lord, even when persecutors surrounded him.

But we wonder, how do we live our faith and help our neighbor? Paul shows us how to do this. He first established the truth of the Gospel and then he reached out to his neighbor. He lived the Gospel and made that most important. Yet in things unimportant, he cooperated and deferred to others. An example of this is when he writes, “Therefore, if food is a cause of their falling, I will never eat meat, so that I may not cause one of them to fall” (1 Cor 8:13). There is a great difference between living for propriety and self-advantage or living for the glory of God and the good of human beings. We see how Paul decided about his life and that helps us decide about ours. When he thought the issue was unimportant, he sacrifices everything for the good of his brothers. Yet Paul springs into action when he thinks the issue harms the glory of God, the foundation of the Gospel, and the community of faithful believers. O God! At that time he will not defer or change for anyone.

But when Cephas came to Antioch, I opposed him to his face, because he stood self-condemned; 12 for until certain people came from James, he used to eat with the Gentiles. But after they came, he drew back and kept himself separate for fear of the circumcision faction. 13 And the other Jews joined him in this hypocrisy. 14 But when I saw that they were not acting consistently with the truth of the gospel, I said to Cephas before them all, “If you, though a Jew, live like a Gentile and not like a Jew, how can you compel the Gentiles to live like Jews?” (Gal 2:11–14)

In this passage, Paul defends the truth of the Gospel by confronting Peter’s treatment of the Gentiles. Righteousness, which is following the will of God, is absolutely necessary. To have righteousness, we must never hide the truth. Peter, the chief among the apostles, along with the other apostles, believed their actions were charitable, yet were hiding from others that they did not follow the law anymore; their injustice would harm the Gentiles. Paul, however, could not bear that by doing this, they betrayed the truth. Paul believed that truth must go together with charity, like sisters go together. The Gospel teaches us that when we live in truth and charity, we seek justice.

The Gospel lives in our hearts and gives us righteousness. Without the Gospel within, we can never advance. When the Gospel shows us the will of God, we are blessed by faith, hope, and love. We live with the gift of these virtues and find spiritual blessing.

For through the law, I died to the law, that I might live to God. I have been crucified with Christ. (Gal 2:19)

Paul had the revelation that the law will not carry us into faith. Because of this, he writes, “I died to the law.” He writes here with great clarity saying he was dead and became a slave to the law. Because of this, he was subject to the violence of the law.

Paul realized that God wants our freedom. We are to enter into a state of perfect freedom without trouble or pain. Jesus Christ says, “Take my yoke upon you, and learn from me; for I am gentle and humble in heart; and you will find rest for your souls. For my yoke is easy, and my burden light” (Matt 11:30).

To show the relationship between the law and the Gospel freedom, Paul shows how the relationship between the law and the Gospel can be seen in his life. He says in effect, “I was a Pharisee that followed the law with the most care. I was a Grand Zealot for this law. We tried to find deliverance from sin by following the law exactly and hoped that the law would become natural.”

An example of this is found in a person who studies science a long time, possesses it perfectly, and knows it naturally because of previous long hours of work. They do not study to find condemnation but want the freedom of understanding science. But how did they find this freedom? They studied and because of this, they found freedom to understand science.

Another example comes from the study of grammar. The study of grammar is useless if we cannot speak and write well. Grammar helps end ignorance and becomes a state that instructs the others. This becomes then a natural state that is acquired first by long hours of work.

But even after long hours of work and study, the law does not deliver from sins and does not give freedom. Instead, the person finds condemnation.

Jesus Christ fulfilled the law by living it perfectly. He alone lived the law naturally. When we look at him, we see the perfection of the law in a life. He did this so we may receive the promised Spirit and become his adopted children.

Paul says that he rests on this belief, “I died to the law,” not violently by the law, though at times the law allowed killing. Instead, Paul died because of his sin and separation from God. I am dead constrained by the law, though I expected deliverance by following this. Paul writes, “If anyone has reason to be confident in the flesh, I have more: circumcised on the eighth day, a member of the people of Israel, of the tribe of Benjamin, a Hebrew born of Hebrews; as to the law, a Pharisee; as to zeal, a persecutor of the church; as to righteousness under the law blameless” (Phil 3:5).

Paul’s revelation showed him all life comes from God. I live with God only that I may live by the Spirit. Through the freedom of Jesus Christ, I do not arrive at a place of self-indulgence and sensuality. Instead, with pain, suffering and work, “I am crucified with Christ Jesus.”

And it is no longer I who live, but it is Christ who lives in me. And the life I now live in the flesh I live by faith in the Son of God, who loved me and gave himself for me. (Gal 2:20)

What joy we have in this Word! Jesus Christ frees me from the law that made me dead. I live no longer by myself in the law in sensuality, corruption, and propriety. I am dead to the law. I am also dead to the law that defends me following my own inclinations. I do not live the life of propriety that was esteemed by Adam.

Now I live by faith in the Son of God. Jesus Christ lives and works in me. Jesus Christ leads and governs me. His life is my life. His Spirit communicates with me. He fills my soul with His Spirit and life. Therefore I see nothing within or without except Jesus Christ who lives within me.

This makes me dead to the law because inside I have freedom in the Spirit of Jesus Christ. Thus, I am annihilated to all things criminal and proprietary, so that I may find Jesus Christ within me. He takes away my proud exterior of conformity so it is not anymore me that lives, but Jesus Christ living within me. However if I live in the flesh, if I live again in this world with a worldly spirit that separates me from goodness, then I will live in subjection again.

Now I want to live in faith, surrender, and obedience to the Son of God. I love Him so much. I want to yield to His good will in all things to sanctify me and help me grow.

I do not nullify the grace of God; for if justification comes through the law, then Christ died for nothing. (Gal 2:21)

If all our growth and sanctification depended on the law, then why do we have a Savior? Paul understands that we need a Savior and tells us of the grace merited by Jesus Christ; also, Paul says, “In him we have redemption through his blood, the forgiveness of our trespasses, according to the riches of his grace that he lavished on us” (Ephesians 1:7–8). This abundant redemption is made through Jesus Christ’s death. This rigorous death was essential for the salvation of human beings. The actions of Jesus were sufficient for the redemption of a million worlds, as he willed salvation for our abundant redemption. By his death he destroyed in all of us the life of Adam. Following the law brings us death. If we hope to acquire this perfection through the law, we make the death of Jesus Christ in vain, since he died so that we may die to this law. If we give and attribute all to the law, we receive nothing from His grace of justification. We must die to the law and live to Jesus Christ.

You foolish Galatians! Who has bewitched you? It was before your eyes that Jesus Christ was publicly exhibited as crucified! (Gal 3:1)

Nothing is as hard as the sight of these people that before had received pure grace now leave this way and then return to their former madness. These are people that have known the favorable effects of grace and tasted the sweet prayer and presence of God; they have been instructed in God’s ways and had Jesus Christ depicted before their eyes. That is to say, the preachers of the Gospel (with whom Jesus Christ is well pleased) depicted the crucifixion for them. After this, they have had Jesus Christ crucified and manifested within them. Even after all these things, they leave Jesus Christ, often because of false reports, under the pretext of a more accurate gospel. O, this is very hard to bear from people who had been educated in the truth!

The only thing I want to learn from our is this: Did you receive the Spirit by doing the works of the law or by believing what you heard? (Gal 3:2)

This question goes to all people who have received the anointing of the Holy Spirit and grace within the interior. Is it by doing the law that you have received the Spirit of love, peace and charity? No, assuredly. The word that you have heard the Lord speak inside of you gives his Spirit and the anointing of His grace.

Are you so foolish? Having started with the Spirit, are you now ending with the flesh? (Gal 3:3)

After having suffered to be with God, we make our sufferings useless, since we return to our first madness. There are persons who return to sin after having left them; for others, after having been advanced in the way of the Spirit, they quit to follow nature; for others, after having left propriety for the way of surrender to Jesus Christ, leave Jesus Christ and return to the way of propriety. Now these people, having suffered much travail, have made their pains and sufferings vain and useless.

Just as Abraham “believed God, and it was reckoned to him as righteousness,” 7 so, you see, those who believe are the descendants of Abraham. (Gal 3:6–7)

The principal character of Abraham was his faith and his abandon to the rule of God. Abraham believed and trusted in God’s promises; he respected God’s strong rule and followed Him, even when the way seemed to destroy the promises. That is what makes Abraham’s perfect state and is what distinguishes his character from the rest of humanity. Like Abraham, the true characteristics of interior souls are faith and abandon. Faith is their foundation and prayers make their interior. Their exterior conduct is to abandon to God and to follow his step-by-step providence. They receive the will of God moment to moment, and trust God in all situations, both the bad and the good. Abraham’s children are those with interior grace. These children have faith and abandon to the rule of God and receive this rule through true contemplation. This character of the interior soul distinguishes these people from others. These interior people are the true children of Abraham.

And the Scriptures, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, declared the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, “All the Gentiles shall be blessed in you.” 9 For this reason, those who believe are blessed with Abraham who believed. (Gal 3:8–9)

Scriptures prophesied the true justification of faith. God says that all the nations will be blessed by Abraham. God gave Abraham faith and abandon, and, through Abraham, his strong blessing flows out to all the nations. We may be good and virtuous without entering into the state of faith, leading a settled and good life. But for perfect justification, we must enter faith. Therefore, we receive the blessing along with Abraham, the gift of faith.

For all who rely on the works of the law are under a curse; for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who does not observe and obey all the things written in the book of the law.” 11 Now it is evident that no one is justified before God by the law; for “The one who is righteous will live by faith.” (Gal 3:10–11)

Those who trust the works of the law are mistaken and bring on themselves the curse that makes them guilty. The law has power only because of its ability to condemn and kill. Because the law is ultimately based in violence, it cannot be depended upon to save and deliver. We understand that the law does not communicate grace, because the threat and use of violence must accomplish the law. Hence, the believer cannot have confidence in the works of the law. Instead, we put all our trust in the grace of God merited by Jesus Christ, who accomplished the law perfectly. He fulfilled the law by grace as he lived the will of his Father. Jesus Christ trusted his Father.

The consequence of this belief is clear. The just live by faith; therefore to be justified, live by faith. To be justified, let us live faith. When we live this faith, we will be just since the just live by faith. This argument suffers no contradictions.

But the law does not rest on faith; on the contrary, “Whoever does the works of the law will live by them.”13 Christ redeemed us from the curse of the law by becoming a curse for us—for it is written, “Cursed is everyone who hangs on a tree.” (Gal 3:12–13)

The law in itself does not establish trust in faith. It stops before faith. The law does not have the Spirit and is ignorant of the way of faith.

Jesus Christ delivers us from the heavy burden of the law with its servitude and curse. Instead, Jesus Christ works in our hearts so that we abandon ourselves to him and walk in faith. Paul writes that Jesus Christ delivers us from the observation of the law since it is contrary to the words of Jesus Christ. “Do not think that I have come to abolish the law or the prophets; I have come not to abolish but to fulfill” (Matt 5:17). Therefore by his death, Jesus Christ accomplishes the fulfillment of the law. He came to deliver us from the curse of the law, that is to say, the heavy slavery of the law. The violence of the law is a heavy yoke upon our hearts. Instead, the yoke of Jesus Christ is gentle and humble in heart. Jesus says, “For my yoke is easy and my burden light” (Luke 11:30).

But how does Jesus Christ deliver us from this harsh servitude? It is by making himself cursed for us, he places himself under all the rigors of the law with full responsibility for this heavy burden. By doing so, he delivers us from the severity of the law and fulfills the justice of His Father. He places in us perfect grace and makes this easy by the power and efficacy of his love. We must not look upon his love as a law, but as a pleasure greater than the world, that carries us with sweetness and with nothing contrary to God’s good will. We obey God and he delivers us from slavery to the law. For us, we remain in God’s sweetness and graciousness.

Why do people stay with the violence and difficulty of the law? They do not walk in the Spirit but they trust only in the law. They accomplish things only with strange violence. This new life of faith seems impossible to them, and instead of this, they want the pleasure and ease of the world. Because they do not want this faith, they enter into death.

In order that in Christ Jesus the blessing of Abraham might come to the Gentiles, so that we might receive the promise of the Spirit through faith. (Gal 3:14)

The blessing of Abraham is the Spirit of the Lord that brings faith and abandon. This communicates to us the promises of Jesus Christ. But do all Christians receive the Spirit? No, because not all Christians trust Jesus Christ. Instead, they trust their own actions and propriety. They do not trust God.

Brothers and sisters, I give an example from daily life: once a person’s will has been ratified, no one adds to it or annuls it. 16 Now the promises were made to Abraham and to him offspring; it does not say, “And to your offsprings,” as of many; but it says, “And to your offspring,” that is, to one person, who is Christ. 17 My point is this: the law, which came four hundred thirty years later, does not annul a covenant previously ratified by God, so as to nullify the promise. (Gal 3:15–17)

God gave his promise as a gift so we could have the freedom of his children. This promise was made before the law was given. The law does not mean the end of God’s promises. Faith tells us that the promises are ours. Therefore, by faith and not by the law is Jesus Christ received in the heart. The law does not abolish the promise but is given as a favor of the promise.

God gave the law as a pledge of the fulfillment of the promise. The law serves as a forerunner of Jesus Christ. Once Jesus Christ came, the law was finished because Jesus Christ was the end and consummation of the law. Jesus Christ confirms the strength of the law because the law leads us to Jesus Christ. But once we have arrived in Jesus Christ, the way of the law ceases, because we have entered into Jesus Christ and faith. The law is finished as a way but is not destroyed and abolished. To the contrary, the law helps us see Jesus Christ and his perfection. The law is reunited in the end and perfectly consummated where all becomes one in Jesus Christ.

For if the inheritance comes from the law, it no longer comes from the promise; but God granted it to Abraham through the promise. 19 Why, then, the law? It was added because of transgressions, until the offspring would come to whom the promise had been made; and it was ordained through angels by a mediator. (Gal 3:18–19)

Our inheritance comes from God and our inheritance is God. God promised an inheritance to Abraham and the inheritance is Jesus Christ. This promised faith gives us the Jesus Christ.

We see that the gift of Jesus Christ did not come to us through the law. If Jesus Christ were given to us through the law, he would have been the reward and recompense of the law. God made the promise before the law; the promise is not the reward of the law.

But why, says Paul to himself as an objection, is the law given to us, if the law does not give Jesus Christ? The law, he responds, has been given to stop sin; the law is given as a way to view sin and a way to lead us to Jesus Christ, since the law introduces the person to the faith and this communicates Jesus Christ. Therefore the law must be given first and the person was initially subject to the law, so that sin was clearly seen. The law shows sin but cannot completely destroy it. The law was prepared and given to humanity by angels. These are not communications made by Jesus Christ but by the intermediaries of ministering angels.

Yet this subjection to the law was absolutely necessary. This is the narrow door that holds the person still in order to prevent sin while God purifies the soul. The reason for this is that the people use their choices for sin so God wants to abolish sin so the person will return to God. The law provides a necessary purification through the mediation of angels.

But this state of servitude that appears perfect will never communicate Jesus Christ himself who is the Son of the promise. Only Jesus Christ gives us himself.

This law is the way of introduction, since it leads the soul to the pure faith, where it may never enter unless purified by the way of the law. This law helps us grow by keeping us captive and still. This law holds the person in an interior state that does not waste its energies externally. The external law regulates everything and takes away false pleasures. Later faith takes the place of the law. This faith puts the person in the freedom of Jesus Christ therefore you have died to the law through the body of Christ (Rom 7:6). Now the person is freed to make good choices without malice or sin.

The effect of Jesus Christ’s redemption is that he ransoms us not only from the wrath of God, but also from the wickedness and iniquity communicated to us through malice and sin.