Читать книгу Human Rights as War by Other Means - Jennifer Curtis - Страница 9
ОглавлениеCHRONOLOGY
| 1916 | Easter Rising. Irish republicans seeking independence from Britain staged a rebellion, primarily in Dublin. British forces suppressed the insurrection, then court-martialed and executed the rebellion’s leaders. |
| 1919–1921 | Irish War of Independence. The IRA fought British forces for Irish independence. |
| 1920 | Partition was enacted by the Government of Ireland Act 1920, establishing two territories on the island of Ireland. Partition was reinforced by the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1922. |
| 1922–1923 | Irish Civil War. Republicans who favored the treaty with Britain and the partition of Northern Ireland from the new state battled republicans who opposed both the treaty and partition. |
| 1964 | Campaign for Social Justice (CSJ) formed, a civil rights group that campaigned against anti-Catholic discrimination in Northern Ireland. |
| 1966 | Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association (NICRA) formed. |
| 1968 | October: Rioting at a civil rights march in Derry inspired formation of People’s Democracy (PD), a radical student civil rights group. |
| 1969 | January: PD attempted the “Long March” from Belfast to Derry and was attacked by loyalists and police. In subsequent months, civil unrest spread across the region. |
| 1969 | August: Massive intercommunal rioting caused civilian deaths and displacement of thousands of families, especially in west Belfast. December: Members of the Irish Republican Army (IRA) split from the organization, forming the Provisional IRA (PIRA) to take a more aggressive approach to the conflict. The remaining organization was called the Official IRA. |
| 1970 | July 3–5: Falls Road curfew. A curfew was instituted in the lower Falls Road area after a British army raid searching for IRA weapons and personnel erupted in rioting, gunfights, and civilian casualties. The curfew was broken by women from the upper Falls areas, who marched to the area with supplies for residents. |
| 1971 | August 9–10: Internment. Government introduced internment without trial for suspected paramilitaries. The British army carried out a wave of arrests called Operation Demetrius, resulting in widespread rioting and displacement in nationalist west Belfast. The policy continued until December 1975, during which time almost 2,000 people, mostly nationalists, were interned without trial. |
| 1972 | January 30: Bloody Sunday. British paratroopers monitoring a civil rights march shot dead thirteen unarmed civilians; seventeen others were injured, one fatally. The killings caused widespread local and international outrage. March: Direct rule. British government dissolved the Northern Irish parliament and established direct rule, after the unionist government refused to cede security decision making to Westminster in the wake of Bloody Sunday. July 31: Operation Motorman. The British army moved into nationalist areas of Belfast, Derry, and other towns, with 22,000 troops, to retake “no-go” areas from republican paramilitary control. |
| 1973 | December: Sunningdale Agreement. An agreement among nationalist and unionist political parties outlined power-sharing arrangements for the region. |
| 1974 | January–May: The power-sharing government established by the Sunningdale Agreement operated. May: Ulster Workers’ Council (UWC) strike. Unionist opposition to the Sunningdale Agreement mobilized in a major strike, large demonstrations, and riots. After two weeks, the head of the power-sharing executive resigned along with his unionist colleagues. Direct rule was restored. |
| 1980–1981 | Hunger strikes. Republican prisoners protested revocation of their political prisoner status with a series of hunger strikes. The strikes ended in October 1981, after ten men had died. |
| 1985 | Anglo-Irish Agreement. The governments of the UK and Ireland established cooperative arrangements regarding Northern Ireland. The agreement stated that the constitutional status of Northern Ireland would not change without the consent of its residents, while establishing a consultative role for the Republic in the governance of Northern Ireland. |
| 1994 | Paramilitary ceasefires. PIRA declared a ceasefire on August 31. The Combined Loyalist Military Command, including the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and the Ulster Defense Association (UDA), declared a ceasefire on October 13. |
| 1996 | February 9: PIRA ended its ceasefire after progress toward peace talks stalled. |
| 1997 | July: PIRA resumed its ceasefire after the new UK Labour government made plans for negotiations. September: Sinn Féin entered the multiparty peace negotiations after affirming principles of nonviolence formulated by former U.S. senator George Mitchell. |
| 1998 | April 10: The Good Friday Agreement (GFA) was reached in the multiparty peace talks. May 22: Voters in Northern Ireland and the Republic endorsed the GFA. June 25: Elections were held for the new Northern Ireland Assembly. July 1: The new assembly met for the first time and began to operate in “shadow” form. August 15: Twenty-nine people died following a bombing in Omagh. The bomb was placed by republicans who opposed the peace process. |
| 1999 | December 2: Powers of government were devolved to the new assembly. |
| 2000 | February 11–May 30: Devolution was suspended after disagreements about paramilitary decommissioning of weapons. After plans for decommissioning were agreed, devolution was restored in May. |
| 2001 | July 1: First Minister David Trimble, a unionist politician, resigned in protest at lack of progress on PIRA decommissioning. In an attempt to resolve the dispute, Britain ordered two twenty-four-hour suspensions of devolution, on August 10 and September 22. November 4: The Royal Ulster Constabulary was renamed the Police Service of Northern Ireland, and police reform moved forward. November 5: Devolution was restored after PIRA put forward a plan for decommissioning, and the Independent International Commission on Decommissioning (IICD) affirmed that decommissioning had begun. |
| 2002 | October 15: Devolution was suspended once more when unionists refused to share power with republicans due to allegations that Sinn Féin party members were spying for PIRA. |
| 2003 | November 26: Although the assembly was still suspended, elections were held. The more hardline republican and unionist parties eclipsed moderate parties in the elections. |
| 2005 | July 28: PIRA announced an end to its armed campaign, and its commitment to democratic and political organizing. September 26: International observers affirmed that PIRA decommissioning was complete. |
| 2006 | Following negotiations between the largest political parties, the Northern Ireland (St. Andrews Agreement) Act (2006) dissolved the assembly and established a transitional assembly. |
| 2007 | March 7: Elections were held for a new assembly. March 26: Devolution was restored to the assembly. May 10: The assembly parties formed a power-sharing government. Sinn Féin boycotted the executive for a period because of disagreements about devolution of policing and justice powers; the executive did not meet from June 19–November 20, 2008. |
| 2009 | June: UVF decommissioning was completed. |
| 2010 | January 6: UDA decommissioning was completed. April 12: Policing and justice powers were devolved to the assembly, with an Alliance party member serving as justice minister. |
