Читать книгу The Invisible Woman - Joanne Belknap - Страница 98

Men are more likely than women to kill current or former intimate partners (Addington & Perumean-Chaney, 2014; Bachman & Saltzman, 1995; Belknap, Larson, Abrams, & Garcia, 2012; Biroscak, Smith, & Post, 2006; Bossarte, Simon, & Barker, 2006; J. C. Campbell, Glass, Sharps, Laughon, & Bloom, 2007; DeJong, Pizarro, & McGarrell, 2011; Dobash & Dobash, 2015; Fox & Fridel, 2017; Gauthier & Bankston, 1997; Glass, Koziol-McLain, Campbell, & Block, 2004; H. Johnson, Eriksson, Mazerolle, & Wortley, 2017; Langford, Isaac, & Kabat, 1998; Serran & Firestone, 2004; Shai, 2010; P. H. Smith, Moracco, & Butts, 1998; Smucker, Kerber, & Cook, 2018; Vittes & Sorenson, 2008; Yousuf et al., 2017). When women kill, however, their victims are most likely to be their current or former intimate partners (boyfriends, husbands, ex-husbands, etc.) (e.g., Block & Christakos, 1995; Browne & Williams, 1989; DeJong et al., 2011; Fox & Zawitz, 2010; Gauthier & Bankston, 1997; Greenfeld & Snell, 1999). Even though intimate partner homicides (IPHs) are highly male-gender-related, among all homicides, the IPH gender gap is smaller (Gauthier & Bankston, 1997; Fox & Fridel, 2017). An analysis of intimate partner homicides in the United States from 1976 to 2005 reported that the number of men murdered by intimate partners decreased by 75% over this time period, whereas the number of women killed by intimate partners remained steady for two decades and then declined after 1993, reaching the lowest recorded level in 2004 and stabilizing there since then (Fox & Zawitz, 2010). IPHs declined for all gender and race groups, but mostly for Black men victims (decreased 83%), followed by white men victims (decreased 61%), Black women victims (decreased 52%), and least for white women victims (decreased by 6%) (Fox & Zawitz, 2010).