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Contents

Acknowledgments

1. THE NATURE OF MEDICAL RACISM: THE ORIGINS AND CONSEQUENCES OF MEDICAL RACISM

Introduction

“Avoidance and Evasion”

Judging How Physicians Behave

Judging Physician Conduct: Privacy and the “Halo Effect”

The Oral Tradition

Physicians Share the Racial Attitudes of Their Fellow Citizens

The Medical Liberals

2. BLACK PATIENTS AND WHITE DOCTORS

The African American Health Calamity: The Silence

Medical Vulnerability and Racial Defamation

How Do (White) Physicians Think about Race? Evidence of Medical Racism

Resistance to the Critique of Racial Bias in Medicine

Medical Liberalism and the Medical Literature

The Physician's Private Sphere

Playing Anthropologist

From Racial Folklore to Racial Medicine

3. MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF RACIALIZING THE HUMAN ORGANISM

Racial Interpretations of Human Types and Traits

Introduction

Racial Interpretations of Black Infants and Children

Racial Interpretations of the Black Elderly

Racial Interpretations of the Black Athlete

Racial Interpretations of Black Musical Aptitude

Racial Interpretations of Losing Consciousness

Racial Interpretations of the Nervous System

Racial Interpretations of Pain Sensitivity

Racial Interpretations of Heart Disease

Racial Interpretations of Human Organs and Disorders

Racial Interpretations of the Eyes

Racial Interpretations of Black Skin

Racial Interpretations of Human Teeth

Racial Interpretations of “White” and “Black” Disorders

Black “Hardiness”

Physical Hardiness

Emotional Hardiness

Conclusion: How Human Organ Systems Acquire Racial Identities

Racial Folklore in Medical Specialties

A Century of Racial Pharmacology: From Racial Folklore to Racial Genetics

The Role of Racial Folklore in Obstetrics and Gynecology during the Twentieth Century

4. MEDICAL APARTHEID, INTERNAL COLONIALISM, AND THE TASK OF AMERICAN PSYCHIATRY

Introduction

“Africanizing” the Black Image

American Psychiatry as Racial Medicine

The Racial Primitive in American Psychiatry

The Task of Black Psychiatry

Colonial Medical Status

5. A MEDICAL SCHOOL SYLLABUS ON RACE

Introduction

The Doctor-Patient Relationship

The Problem Patient

Medical Authors' Aversion to Race

Race and Medical Education: The Search for “Cultural Competence” 207

Two Official Versions of “Cultural Competence”

Physicians' Beliefs about Racial Differences: A (Belated) Study

A Medical Curriculum on Race

Practical Advice for Physicians

Social Class, Misdiagnoses, and Therapeutic Fatalism

“Cultural Competence” as Knowledge of Stereotype Systems

Raceless Humanism: “Medical Humanities” and the Evasion of Difference

Medical Curriculum Change Is Possible: The Case of Abortion Training

Notes

Index