Читать книгу Growing Up in the Oil Patch - John Schmidt J. - Страница 6

Chapter 1

It All Started in Pennsylvania

In 1958, Calgary was a real cow town and the drinking laws were not yet civilized. The big-spending oil crowd, around town as the result of the opening of the big Leduc field, were driven crazy because no-one could take a female companion into a beer parlour. There were no bars serving liquor. If a woman wanted to help drink Alberta into solvency, she had to go into a beer parlour marked “Ladies.”

There was one exception to these archaic laws and that was the Elks Club. A couple could drink together in public in the Elks ladies’ lounge, providing both were suitably dressed at all material times.

I thought I had arrived at the top of Cow Town’s social heap one afternoon when a Hussar rancher, Jack Murray, invited me to join him and his wife at the Elks Club. Murray had a well-stuffed wallet that day, as he had just sold one of the biggest steers ever marketed at the Calgary Stock Yards: a 2,400-pound grassfed Hereford-cross.

As a farm writer, I had been on hand to record the historic event for The Calgary Herald, had asked the right questions in a businesslike way; hence Murray’s invitation.

He fitted in well with the easy informality of a small foothills city, where everyone knew everyone else and business was carried on on a handshake basis. He deemed it a privilege to introduce a greenhorn from the East, to some of the players in the agriculture field and the oil patch. Both were rapidly adding wealth to the city’s surging economy. After a couple of Hudson’s Bay Jamaica rums, he said:

“You ought to write a book about some of the fellows who did the bull work, to get this province under way from its inception, in 1915. There’s one of them sitting in this very room. Hey, Tiny, come on over here. I have a pencil pusher here, who can whip that book of yours into shape for you.”

From a table along the far wall came a wiry, bespectacled little wisp of a man who sat down at the table and, in a mild, tremulous voice began spinning yarns about his experiences as a driller and mechanic, in the oil patch all over the continent. He had worked in them all. He brought in thousands of wells spewing thousands of barrels of oil and wells whooshing millions of cubic feet of natural gas per day — wells which made a lot of people rich, as the result of his know-how about pounding bits with old cable tool rigs, hundreds of feet into the proper oil- and gas-bearing strata.

This was A.P. Phillips, whom everybody knew as Tiny because of his small stature. In a few minutes the air was filled with a freshet of high-energy yarns, tales and myths about the commercial oil industry which sprang up near Tiny’s home town in Pennsylvania, only a decade and a half before his birth.

He knew many of the players in the new industry and knew how they operated. He was proud of his own accomplishments in the oil patch, yet he talked more about his “pardner,” Frosty Martin, who had died three years previously in Long Beach, Calif., at age 82. Tiny was still mourning the loss.

“Yes, we saw it all from almost Day One in the United States,” he said proudly. “We were both born in 1873.”

That put Tiny’s age at 85 and here he was spry and chirpy, downing drink for drink with the upscale crowd at the Elks Club.

He was born at Oil City, which was near the scene of the famous Drake Well. It was the first big commercial well in the U.S. Being so close to this historic event, its impact had never dawned on them. Although they later participated in drilling similar wells in their time, they were just workaday assignments in a new age of technology.

“Frosty was a terrific mechanic, inventor and entrepreneur who made and lost two fortunes but died rich. But he always came to see me. He never forgot me. I was always his pardner,” said Tiny.

“I have it all written down in a scribbler at home, how we drilled all those wildcat wells which opened new fields. You come on over and I’ll show you my scribbler about the oil patch.”

Using the back of a couple of coasters on the table to make drawings, he launched into a detailed description of the inventions made by Frosty to allow drillers to sink wells faster.

A few days later I was sitting in Tiny’s comfortable living room in his small, modest home on 12th Ave. S.W. Yes, he was right, he and Frosty had seen it all. The scribbler proved to be an informal oil patch history textbook covering half a century. The first sentence in the scribbler read:

“Albert Parker Phillips was born Jan. 13, 1873, in Oil City, Venango County, Pennsylvania.”

Such a bald statement is of little moment. But to an oil historian there is plenty of significance, realizing the added fact that his father was an oil driller before him, right on the ground floor of the commercial industry.

In 1859, Seneca Oil Company despatched Edwin L. Drake to have that first commercial well drilled at Titusville, only 20 miles from Oil City. Drake’s qualifications in an industry with no benchmarks: He was a young railroad conductor with crippling arthritis. His usefulness to Seneca — after being high-pressured into buying $200 worth of company stock — was, he could travel free on his pass.

Although drillers in Oil Springs, Ontario, dispute Drake’s claim he drilled the first commercial well in the world, it was production in the Oil Creek Valley, that showed an oil-hungry American industrial complex it could depend upon oil drillers for assured future supplies. The drillers played a significant part in maintaining America’s world industrial leadership right into the space age.

Phillips’ accident of birth in the heart of the area that cradled the infant industry, allowed him to grow with it. His own career parelleled oil’s startling expansion and, at the proper time, both were Alberta-bound. As he noted in his scribbler:

“I was brought up around an oil rig. An oil rig was my playground. My dad taught me how to fire a rig boiler at an early age. In fact, I could tell how many pounds of steam were on a boiler’s steam gauge before I learned to tell the time.”

The most unlikely persons were engaged in the oil industry: sawmillers, lawyers, prize fighters, brakemen, professors, water well drillers and actors. Phillips’ father, Samuel Anthony, could be considered in the “unlikely persons” class when he left his job at the Pennsylvania Tack Works in Norristown, to go to Titusville about 1869. He had apprenticed as a blacksmith. He had heard there was plenty of work for men of his ability, in the oil fields forging drilling tools.

When Tiny came along things had not tamed down from the wild, unruly and hectic times that marked the transformation of a quiet rural area. The gambling, lawlessness, loose women and two-fisted drinking, which were the hallmark of most early American mining camps had now become part of the oil town but had not yet been submerged by a more respectable society with the family as its centre.

However, by this time men who had previously worked seven days a week, now had their pockets full and were content with only six days of labour for themselves and their employees. Machine and blacksmith shops which had been busy 24 hours a day, were down to a steady 12-hour day.

A.P. Phillips at age seven, is pictured third from right in the front row. This classroom photograph was taken in Norristown, Pennsylvania.

Albert Parker (Tiny) Phillips. Photo: Lanes Studio, Calgary, Alberta, circa late 1920’s.

Away from the Findlay Oil Field, A.P. Phillips played guitar in local theatrical productions.

At first there was work for hundreds of coopers making oak barrels that held 300 pounds of oil. The cooperage business was pinched off, when somebody got the bright idea of mounting two wooden tanks on a railway flatcar. Flatcars were later discarded, when somebody else got the idea for the industry’s first successful pipeline.

Blacksmiths were the kingpins in the years prior to S.A. Phillips’ arrival. “Uncle Billy” Smith, the man whom Drake hired to drill his well, was a blacksmith. Up to that time oil had been collected from seepage along the creek banks — and yielded about six gallons a day. But the Seneca company wanted a faster way of bringing more oil to the surface. Smith, with experience in drilling salt wells at Tarentum, Pa., was hired at $2.50 a day.

The ubiquitous scribbler recounts Tiny had visited bewhiskered Uncle Billy, when he had retired to his farm to hear him tell stories about drilling the Drake well. After he had begun the job, he had been offered a blacksmithing job at Franklin for $4 a day. Although he was tempted to take it because he liked blacksmithing better than drilling, he decided to stay with Drake and see the job through.

Tiny Phillips (foreground). Bearded man is Uncle Billy Smith, other individual unidentified. Moberly, Missouri, circa 1900.

This photo taken in 1900, shows A.P. Tiny Phillips (left), unidentified man (centre) and Uncle Billy Smith (right).

Drill rig at Moberly, Missouri, 1901.

Had he not stayed the first well might have been abandoned halfway to completion.

The drilling was blessed by a lucky break. It was drilled directly over a crevice in some rocks. A fair flow was struck at 69½ feet. Had it been drilled in another location oil would not have been struck at that shallow depth, because there was no similar formation anywhere else in the area.

Titusville got more press coverage than the California gold rush 10 years previously. This was possible because the Drake well was brought in within travelling distance of 31 million people. Nobody had to trek 2,000 miles; it was right there at the back door for them to visit.

When Tiny was a tad, the telephone hadn’t even been invented and oil refineries were just springing up. The only refineries available to handle the immense flow of oil were modified whale-oil refineries. Oil was refined chiefly for kerosene for lamps. There was to be no demand for gasoline for another 40 years.

But the industry built 23 refineries in Titusville by the time Tiny was born.

Whale oil was the chief lubricant of the day, but the whales were at the point of depletion. They would have become extinct had not the new oil source come along as an alternative.

Titusville was there before the oil boom and there afterward. It didn’t suffer the fate of places like Pithole City whose population was zero one day, 15,000 three months later and zero 500 days after that. During those 500 days it was the “sin city” of the U.S. That was because it had every other kind of civic service and business but no law and order. Only one other city had a worse reputation. That was Petroleum City, Pa., before a vigilante committee was organized of necessity. The Phillips’ scribbler has a note:

“Old-timers used to tell me with faintly nostalgic smiles, about the parade of 100 whores who rode sidesaddle on a tour of the main streets, as a preview of the night’s business.”

Slick practices, scams and thefts were part of the scene. Apocryphal or not, one of the favorite stories of Phillips is how one of the finest farms in Ontario was bought by a young Canadian, who got rich quick on the outskirts of Pithole City, merely by taking a rest by a pile of wood beside the road. He was approached by a man on horseback who mistook him for the owner and offered him $4,500, for the 300-cord wood pile.

Before he could demur, the man thrust $4,500 in cash into his hand and disappeared down the road. He was back in a few minutes with wagons and teams and began hauling away the wood.

There was hell to pay when the proper owner showed up and found half his wood pile gone. A search was made of the bars for the young Canadian but he was well on the way toward Lake Ontario.

It was poetic justice that Pithole City was able to make a valuable contribution to redeem itself: the first successful oil pipeline. This innovation came about because of the transportation monopoly held by teamsters. Anyone who visualizes that today’s Teamsters Union is composed of hard-bitten, arrogant men almost law unto themselves, should have been in Tiny Phillips’ territory to observe the anarchy of their unorganized predecessors who drove horses. There were thousands of them hauling three to seven barrels of oil in their wagons.

They started out charging $1 a barrel, but later began gouging producers for as much as $5 for the haul to the railroad. They were law unto themselves and when producers tried to haul oil in their own rigs, the teamsters hit back with violence.

Nobody lifted a finger against them until Samuel Van Syckel came along. Up to that time, the teamsters’ lobby was so strong the Pennsylvania Legislature refused to pass laws granting charters to pipeline companies. However, the producers became desperate and finally forced the politicians to grant a charter to construct a pipeline, from Pithole City to a railhead five miles distant.

Van Syckel was hired by a transportation company to build the line in 1865. He came in with a bunch of toughs determined to beat the teamsters at their own game. They put together a line of two-inch iron pipe and tested the joints, before burying it in a two-inch trench. The downfall of previous lines was the joints leaked; welding hadn’t been heard of yet.

Besides tight joints a new principle of pumping oil had been devised, to make the new line more efficient. A rotary booster pump was installed halfway along to maintain pressure.

When the Teamsters discovered Van Syckel had started pumping 800 gallons a day for $1 a barrel, they were furious. They attacked and engaged in mayhem.

The end came when one of Van Syckel’s men was shot and killed. Van Syckel found the teamster boss in a bar in Titusville and beat him to a pulp with his fists. The teamsters collapsed and pipelines became an established means of oil transportation.

This innovation brought to an end the murder of some of the horses. Up to the time pipelines were installed, every gallon of oil from the wells had to be hauled in barrles on drays to railhead or water through oil, grease, mud, clay, ooze, muck, filth, stench, grime and dirt three feet deep in most places.

Contributing largely to the mud and mire of the roads and streets were 12,000 horses and 12,000 mules. Although the need for horses diminished after the building of the Erie Railroad and the coming of pipelines in 1865, there were still thousands of horses and teamsters engaged in short hauls. During the height of oil hauling, it was not uncommon to see a solid line of teams a mile or more long heading north out of the valley to the railroad. These processions went on slowly from dawn to dusk seven days a week. One man, to win a bet, counted 2,000 teams crossing the bridge on the main road out of Titusville in one day.

A further note in the Phillips scribbler about the treatment of horses in the pre-Humane Society days:

It was said that mud and crude oil, one of the stickiest and most corrosive mixtures ever brewed, ate the hair right off the poor brutes leaving them raw, sore and bleeding. Many had not a hair below their necks. The oil on the roads kept the mud from drying in summer and from freezing in winter.

Mudholes were four to eight feet deep. They were kept constantly liquid by barrels spilled from overturned wagons. If wagons upset, the barrels were abandoned because it was not worth the trouble of trying to reload them.

Much of the oil was shipped out by the pond freshet method. During low water on Oil Creek barges wouldn’t float. But agreements were made with sawmill and grist mill owners, to hold water in their dams for a week or so and at a certain time release it, creating a small flood that would float the barges. But they had to be dragged back and this was done by horses pulling them walking along the creek bank or creek bed.

This operation was plain murder. More horses were killed on Oil Creek than in the notorious Deadhorse Gulch, through the White Pass, in the Yukon Gold Rush 40 years later.

On this backhaul job, horses were up to their bellies in cold water in winter. Slush and ice shaved off their hair. Large chunks of ice hung on their tails.

The whips of the unmerciful teamsters took their toll of tufts of hair and even the lives of the poor brutes. It was cheaper to rawhide a horse or mule to death, than give it kind treatment. The teamsters were in waist-length rubber boots, ready to jump out of the barges to whip a horse to death if it balked at a difficult stretch of the river. A single trip realized a handsome profit and new horseflesh was easy and cheap to buy.

Father Samuel Anthony moved the family around several times, while applying his trade as a blacksmith in the oil field. He had married Anna Liza Disel, a farmer’s daughter from Titusville, in 1870. They moved to Oil city in 1873, where Tiny was born. The next year he formed a partnership with Anna Liza’s three brothers to drill oil wells. Later he went back to Norristown and formed a partnership with his two step-brothers to drill artesian wells.

This partnership was short-lived as, when Tiny was 10, his father died leaving the family destitute. Tiny went to live with his uncle, an optometrist. At age 12 he began serving an apprenticeship with his uncle. But at 14, he knew that prosaic trade wasn’t for him. He wanted to go for the excitement of oil drilling. He took off to join Anna Liza’s brother, Ami, to go into the drilling trade. However, Ami had moved to Findlay, Ohio, where a new oil and gas field had been brought in during 1884. It was promoted as “the largest gas belt of any now known in the world.”

Later the city public utility commission was the envy of the nation, by giving gas away to attract industry. Its slogan was: “Women Split No Wood In Findlay.”