A Book of Britain: The Lore, Landscape and Heritage of a Treasured Countryside
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Johnny Scott. A Book of Britain: The Lore, Landscape and Heritage of a Treasured Countryside
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER ONE FARMING AND THE LANDSCAPE
OUR LANDSCAPE’S HERITAGE
MAKING A MARK IN THE HILLS
EARLY ‘LANDSCAPING’
THE GREAT LANDSCAPE DESIGNERS OF THE SIXTEENTH AND SEVENTEENTH CENTURIES
DESIGNING THE GREAT LANDSCAPES
HISTORY IN A NAME
THE EVOLUTION OF THE BRITISH LANDSCAPE
HOW FARMING ALTERED THE LANDSCAPE
ADVANCES IN FARMING
THE BIRTH OF MODERN FARMS
THE STEADY MARCH OF AGRICULTURAL PROGRESS
THE DAWN OF INDUSTRY
DRAUGHT HORSES
NEW ADVANCES IN GOODS TRANSPORTATION
CARVING OUT THE CANALS
CHANGING THE HIGHWAYS
THE BIRTH OF NEW BREEDS
THE DRIVE FOR CHANGE
THE INFAMOUS CLEARANCES
REGENERATING THE HEATHER-CLAD HILLS
FARMING MODERN BRITAIN
CHAPTER TWO WOODLAND
OUR WORKING BRITISH WOODLANDS
BRITAIN’S CHANGING LANDSCAPE
TIMBER – NATURE’S MOST USEFUL GIFT
COMMON OAK
SESSILE OR SCRUB OAK
THE COOPER’S CRAFT
ALDER
ELM
ASH
HORNBEAM AND BEECH
BIRCHES
SCOTS PINE
BRITISH FOREST LAWS
THE HERITAGE OF PUCE NAMES
FOREST LAW
BRITAIN’S REGAL FORESTS
‘IMPROVING’ BRITAIN’S NATIVE WOODLAND
PRESERVING OUR ANCIENT WOODLANDS
MYSTERIOUS AND MYTHICAL TREES
THE ANCIENT OAK
YEWS
HOLLY
ASH
HAWTHORN
CRAB TREES
HAZEL
A NATION OF REMARKABLE TREES
CHAPTER THREE WEATHER LORE
THE LOST ART OF WEATHER WATCHING?
THE LUNAR CYCLE
HOW SAINTS’ DAYS PROPHESY THE WEATHER
OCTOBER
NOVEMBER
DECEMBER
JANUARY
FEBRUARY
MARCH
APRIL
MAY
JUNE
JULY
AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
THE CALENDAR OF WEATHER LORE
THE ANCIENT ART OF READING THE WEATHER
WINDS
WEATHER VANES
THE IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
NATURE’S WEATHER MESSAGES
UNRAVELLING CLUES TO THE WEATHER
LEARNING FROM WILDLIFE
LEARNING FROM OUR INSIGHTFUL INSECTS
THE PRESCIENCE OF PLANTS
WHEN WILDLIFE PREPARES FOR WINTER
NATURE’S WILD WEATHER WARNINGS
THE CHANGING CLIMATE
CHAPTER FOUR WILDLIFE
CHRISTIANISING PAGAN ICONS
WILDLIFE HIERARCHY
OUR HUNTING HERITAGE
COMPANIES OF BEASTS
WILDLIFE IN LITERATURE
BEDTIME STORIES FOR CHILDREN
FEEDING THE THIRST FOR KNOWLEDGE
CHANGING ATTITUDES TOWARDS WILDLIFE
BRINGING THE EXOTIC TO BRITAIN
THE LOST ART OF CONNECTING WITH NATURE
THE IMPACT OF MODERN LANDSCAPING POLICIES
WHILING AWAY THE HOURS WITH WILDLIFE
BIRD WATCHING
MAKING BIRD NESTS
WINTER MIGRATION
HIBERNATING WILDLIFE
BATS
BAT DETECTORS
HEDGEHOGS
BADGERS
ADDERS
ADDER CATCHERS
TOADS
THE HUNTERS AND THE HUNTED IN WINTER
STOATS
HARES
SHREWS
OUR ISLANDS’ INSECT LIFE
BEES
MOTHS
LURING MOTHS
WILDLIFE MEETS THE CITY
OUR BRITISH RAVENS
WILDLIFE PROTECTION VERSUS STEWARDSHIP
CHAPTER FIVE WILD HARVEST
WILD PLANTS – NATURE’S PRECIOUS HARVEST
A LONG-AWAITED RETURN TO WILD FOODS
USING NATURE’S BOUNTY
A TASTE OF THE SEA
WILD FOOD FROM THE HILLSIDES
BEYOND THE KITCHEN
THE AUTUMN HARVEST
WILD FUNGI
FLYAGARIC
CHAPTER SIX FOLKLORE & CUSTOMS
CELEBRATING THE START OF SUMMER
MAY DAY MERRIMENT
MAT DEW
MAY DAY CELEBRATIONS ACROSS THE COUNTRY
OAK APPLE DAY
MAKING MERRY THROUGHOUT THE MONTH OF MAY
FESTIVALS ON HORSEBACK
HARING AROUND AT THE HAWICK COMMON RIDING
WATCHING AND WAKING – WAKES DAY FESTIVALS
DANCING THE ABBOTS BROMLEY HORN DANCE
SEEKING SWANS ON A SUMMER’S DAY
VENERATING OUR VITAL RESOURCES
FESTIVALS OF GIVING – DOLES AND CHARITIES
THE CURSE ON THE TICHBORNE DOLE
CHARITY THAT DEFIES DEATH
REMEMBER, REMEMBER…
THE TURNING OF THE DEVIL’S STONE
SEEING OUT THE YEAR – NEW YEAR’S EVE FESTIVITIES
MARKING THE FESTIVE SEASON
RIOTOUS DINING
BEATING THE BORDERS
CHAPTER SEVEN CRAFTS
KEEPING HONEY BEES
AN ANCIENT ART
A RENEWED PASSION FOR BEEKEEPING
BEE-FRIENDLY GARDENING
TRADITIONAL CRAFTS WITH STRAW
THATCHING
WORKING WITH WILLOW
MAKING BASKETS
WALKING STICKS
WHITTLING WALKING STICKS
STICK-MAKING BY THE EXPERTS
%WONDERFUL WOOL
DYEING WOOL
TWEED – THE TAILOR’S TEXTILE
THE HOME OF TWEED
WEAVING WOOL AT HOME
MAKING FELT
LAYING HEDGES
A HEDGE FOR EVERY PURPOSE
THE DECLINING ART OF HEDGE LAYING
BILLHOOKS
DRY STONE WALLING
THE CRAFT OF CONSTRUCTING DRY STONE WALLS
THE SKILL OF THE SMITHS
THE FORGOTTEN FORGES
WORKING WITH LEATHER
TANNING
HANDMADE BOOTS
CHAPTER EIGHT COUNTRY SPORTS
SPORTING DAYS BY THE RIVER
HAAF NETTING
THE PERILOUS PAST TIME OF SHRIMP FISHING
FISHING FOR EELS
ROD FISHING
PIGEON RACING
HOUND TRAILING
FERRETING
FALCONRY – BRITAIN’S ANCIENT SPORT
LANGUAGE OF FALCONRY
SPORTING SHOOTING
OUR GAME HERITAGE
PHEASANTS
PARTRIDGES
DEER
A BRIEF HISTORY OF SHOOTING AND SHOTGUNS
WILDFOWLING
BEATING
EQUESTRIAN SPORTS
THE ANNUAL APPLEBY FAIR
THE PONT CLUB
BREEDING HUNTERS
HUNTING
HARE COURSING
THE IMPORTANCE OF HUNTING FOR THE WIDER COMMUNITY
Index
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
Y
Acknowledgements
About the Author
Associations
Copyright
About the Publisher
Отрывок из книги
A BOOK OF
THE LORE, LANDSCAPE AND HERITAGE OF A TREASURED COUNTRYSIDE
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The rise of taxation also led to the rise of ‘parliament’, where representatives of the regions would come to London when summonsed to hear of the King’s initiatives, and gradually these representatives were afforded more power. Twenty per cent of the population lived in the 800 or so towns, where craftsmen specialised in their trades under control of the various guilds. New professions developed and doctors, lawyers, administrators and clergymen all found a living in the new urban environment.
Britain was effectively a part of France and benefited from trade opportunities for cloth, leather and surplus corn. However, there was a fly in the ointment: advances in agricultural production had enabled the population to grow from two and a half million at the end of the Anglo-Saxon era to seven million by 1300. This population peak coincided with agricultural yields reaching maximum output and, as with all organic systems, the medieval farmers struggled to maintain fertility. In an effort to meet the demand for grain the three-crop system of rotating grain with fallow which provided natural fertilisation was abandoned and grain was grown in the same field year after year without a break. This merely leached all the fecundity out of the ground and harvest yields fell. Landlords attempted to ameliorate the problem by reclaiming more land in marginal areas of heath, marsh and high moorland where the effort and cost of production were often greater than the output.
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