Читать книгу Earth Materials - John O'Brien - Страница 57

1 Explain the difference between:An isotope and an ion.A cation and an anion and the reason the latter two types of ions exist.A stable isotope and an unstable isotope and how the latter evolve through time.

2 Detail the major factors that determine the effective radii of different atoms and ions.

3 What is the diagonal rule and how does it help to predict the electron configuration of most major elements whose atomic number is known? Use the diagonal rule to write the “ground state” electron configurations for the following elements.(a)Figure 2.21 Major silicate structures: (a) nesosilicate, (b) sorosilicate, (c) cyclosilicate, (d) single‐chain inosilicate, (e) double chain inosilicate, (f) phyllosilicate, (g) tectosilicate.Source: Wenk and Bulakh (2004). © Cambridge University Press.helium (H)carbon (C)oxygen (O)aluminum (Al)argon (Ar)iron (Fe).

4 Referring to the periodic table of the elements (Table 2.3), which of the reactive (non‐Noble) elements is the most metallic (electropositive) and which of these is the most nonmetallic (electronegative). Use their electron configurations and position on the periodic table to explain why.

5 Explain the differences between ionic, covalent, metallic, and transitional (hybrid) bonds and the properties that commonly characterize materials that possess that type of bond.

6 Using the periodic table of the elements (Table 2.3), calculate the electronegativity difference and then predict the bond type and properties for each of the following minerals:Native platinum (Pt)Periclase (MgO)Sylvite (KCl)Pyrite (FeS2)Sphalerite (ZnS).

7 Explain the concepts of radius ratio and electrostatic valency and use them to explain why silica tetrahedra tend to link by sharing oxygen ions. Then describe and explain the basic differences between nesosilicate, sorosilicate, cyclosilicate, nesosilicate, phyllosilicate and tectosilicate structures.