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Joseph A. Pika. American Democracy in Context
Descriptions of Images and Figures
American Democracy in Context
Brief Contents
Detailed Contents
American Democracy in Context
Perspective
Picture Yourself …
Consequences for Democracy
Digital Resources
Highlights Include:
Favorite SAGE Vantage Features
SAGE Coursepacks for Instructors
SAGE Premium Video
SAGE Course Outcomes
A Note from the Authors
Acknowledgments
About the Authors
1 Democracy and American Politics
Perspective: What Difference Does Democracy Make?
Government and Politics
Democracy as a Form of Government
Direct Democracy
Indirect Democracy
The Challenges of Democracy
Ensuring Majority Rule
Protecting Minority Rights
Republics
Functions of Government
Maintaining Order and Safety
Providing Public Goods
Promoting the General Welfare
Providing Infrastructure
Regulating the Economy to Ensure That It Operates Fairly
Providing Support to People in Vulnerable Positions
Redistributing Income to Improve the Lives of Citizens With Less Wealth
Regulating Behavior
Controversies About Government Functions
American Values
Fairness Based on Contributions
Freedom and Individualism
Support for the Rule of Law
Religion
Variations and Conflicts in Values
American Ideologies
Conservatism
Liberalism
Other Ideologies
Comparative and Historical Contexts
Picture Yourself … As a German Citizen
Questions to Consider
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
2 The Founding and the Constitution
Perspective: What Compromises Are Necessary for Ratifying a National Constitution?
The American Colonies
Motivations for Coming to the Colonies
British Influences on American Political Thought
The Magna Carta
Civil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the English Bill of Rights
“No Taxation Without Representation”
The Sugar Act and Stamp Act
The British Response
The Boston Tea Party
The First Continental Congress
Revolution and Independence
The Second Continental Congress
The Declaration of Independence
The Articles of Confederation
The Structure and Power of Government Under the Articles of Confederation
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
Shays’ Rebellion
Starting Over: The Constitutional Convention
The Delegates and Their Motives
Large States versus Small States: The Virginia and New Jersey Plans
The Three-Fifths Compromise and the Great Compromise
Creating the Executive and Judicial Branches
The Constitution
Core Principles
The Articles of the Constitution
Article I: The Legislative Branch
Article II: The Executive Branch
Article III: The Judicial Branch
Articles IV–VII
Ratifying the Constitution
Federalists versus Anti-Federalists
Another Compromise: A Post-Ratification Bill of Rights
Amending the Constitution
Picture Yourself … Amidst Constitutional Change in Hungary
Questions to Consider
The Formal Amendment Process
Informal Methods of Constitutional Change
Judicial Interpretation
Coordinate Construction
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
3 Federalism
Perspective: “Sanctuary Cities”: What Are They and Why Does the U.S. Have Them?
Understanding Federalism
The Federal System
Strengths and Weaknesses of a Federal System
The Constitutional Allocation of the Powers of Government
National Powers
State Powers
Concurrent Powers
Prohibited Powers
Relationships Among the States
Competing Interpretations of Federalism
Dual Federalism
Cooperative Federalism
Early Precedents: National Supremacy Prevails
McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)
Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)
The Resurgence of States’ Rights
Nullification, Secession, and the Civil War
The Rise and Fall of National Power in the Wake of the Civil War
The New Deal and the Rise of Cooperative Federalism
The Supreme Court Thwarts the New Deal
The Supreme Court Embraces Cooperative Federalism
Implementing Cooperative Federalism
Picture Yourself … Amidst California’s “Anti-Okie” Panic of the 1930s
Questions to Consider
The New Federalism and Beyond
The New Federalism
Federalism in the Twenty-First Century
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
4 Civil Liberties
Perspective: How Much Government Control of the Internet Is Too Much—Or Too Little?
The Bill of Rights
The Bill of Rights and the States: The Original Understanding
The Incorporation of the Bill of Rights
The First Amendment Freedoms of Speech, Press, and Assembly
Freedom of the Press and Prior Restraint
What Did the Framers Mean by “Freedom of Speech”?
The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798
The Supreme Court Confronts Restrictions on Speech
Symbolic Speech
Obscenity
Libel and Slander
False Advertising
Campus Speech
Freedom of Assembly
The First Amendment Guarantee of Freedom of Religion
The Establishment Clause
The Free Exercise Clause
The Right of Privacy
The Natural Rights Tradition
Discovering the Right of Privacy
Abortion
Extending the Liberty of Same-Sex Couples
The Right to Die
The Rights of Criminal Defendants
Due Process Rights of the Accused
Picture Yourself … As a Prospective Juror in Japan
Questions to Consider
Judicial Expansion of the Rights of the Criminally Accused
The Death Penalty
Balancing National Security with Civil Liberties
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
5 Civil Rights
Perspective: The Confederate Monument Debate
Slavery in America
Slavery and the Constitution
Slavery and the Supreme Court
Civil Rights for African Americans After the Civil War
The Black Codes and the Civil Rights Acts of the 1860s and 1870s
The Supreme Court Intervenes: The Civil Rights Cases and Plessy v. Ferguson
The Rise of Jim Crow Laws and Barriers to Voting
African American Civil Rights in the Twentieth Century
The Naacp and the Fight for Civil Rights Through the Courts
Brown v. Board of education
The Civil Rights Movement
Congress Takes Action
Black Lives Matter and White Nationalism
Women and Equal Rights
The Fight for Women’s Suffrage
Women’s Rights in the Wake of the Nineteenth Amendment
The Equal Rights Amendment
Sexual Harassment in the Workplace
Picture Yourself … As a Woman in Zambia
Questions to Consider
Equal Pay for Equal Work
Title IX
Discrimination Based on Ethnicity
Native Americans
Immigrants
The Current Controversy Over Immigration
Hispanics
New Frontiers in Civil Rights
LGBT Rights
Disability Rights
Redressing Past Discrimination
Affirmative Action
Apologies and Reparations
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
6 Public Opinion and Political Socialization
Perspective: What Difference Does Public Opinion Make?
Public Opinion and Political Culture
Political Tolerance
Trust in Government
Political Efficacy
Political Knowledge and Attention to Issues
Picture Yourself … As a Young Person in China
Questions to Consider
Political Socialization
Families
Peer Groups
Schools
College
Media
World and Political Events
American Exceptionalism
Group Differences in the United States
Age
Race and Ethnicity
Religion
Social Class
Gender
How Public Opinion Changes
Generational Replacement
Changes in Party Identification
How Ideologies Gain Their Structure
How Public Opinion Is Measured
Polling Techniques
Cluster Sampling
Random Digit Dialing
Internet Polling
Polls in Political Campaigns
Tracking Polls
Exit Polls
Push Polls
Limitations of Polls
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
7 Political Parties and Interest Groups
Perspective: How Centralized Can Political Parties Be?
Defining Political Parties and Interest Groups
Purposes of a Political Party
Campaigning
Mobilization
Recruitment and Socialization of Leaders
Providing Identity
Providing a Channel for Control
The Development of American Political Parties
Early Party Formation
The First Party System, 1800–1820
The Second Party System, 1828–1854
150 Years of Democrats and Republicans
The Golden Age of Parties, 1860–1900
Republican Dominance and Progressive Reform, 1900–1932
The New Deal and Democratic Dominance, 1932–1964
Republican Recovery, 1964–Present
Reforms Weaken the Parties: Round Two
The Parties Today
Electoral Realignments and Partisan Change
The Structure of American Parties
The Party in the Electorate
The Party Organization
State and Local Party Organizations
National Committees
Congressional Campaign Committees
The Resurgence of National Party Organizations
The Party in Government
Parties in Congress
Presidents and Parties
Parties in State Government
The Two-Party System
The U.S. Electoral System and the Two-Party System
Third Parties in the Two-Party System
Third Parties Can Make a Difference
Responsible Party Government
Picture Yourself … As a Member of Great Britain’s Conservative Party
Questions to Consider
Interest Groups in American Politics
Citizen Groups
Corporations
Labor Unions
Trade, Professional, and Agricultural Associations
Other Groups That Lobby Officials
Social Movements
Movements That Have Made a Major Impact
Interest Group Representation and the Organization of Public Opinion
Organization of the Well-Off
Producer Interests and Consumer Interests
Special Circumstances Affecting Group Organization
Contiguous Residence
Age
Strategic Location
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
8 Nominations and Elections
Perspective: How Long Should Election Campaigns Last?
The Development of Elections in the United States
The Presidential Campaign
Selecting the Delegates
Primaries and Caucuses
How Representative Are Primaries and Caucuses?
The Road to Nomination
The Early Contests: The Importance of Timing
Frontloading and the Schedule of Contests
The National Convention
Candidate Selection Compared With Other Countries
Picture Yourself … As an Engaged Voter
Questions for Reflection
The General Election
Congressional Elections
Manipulation of District Boundaries
Incumbents’ Other Advantages
Control of the News
Staff to Support Constituents
Easier Access to Campaign Contributions
Experience
Party Accountability
Electoral Systems and Their Effects
The United States: Winner-Take-All
Proportional Representation
The Electoral College and Presidential Elections
Popular versus Electoral Votes
Strategic Campaigning
Anti-participation Effects
Small-Population versus Large-Population States
Casting Pledged Votes
Positive Effects
Proposals for Changing the Electoral College
Elections and the Representation of Women and Minorities
Campaign Finance
The Dilemma of Limiting Campaign Spending
Regulating Campaign Finance for Parties and Candidates
Compliance and Disclosure
Limits to Contributions
Public Financing for Presidential Candidates
“Stand by Your Ad”
Independent Expenditures by Others
Foreign Interference in Campaigns and Elections
How Other Countries Regulate Campaign Finance
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
9 Participation, Voting Behavior, and Campaigns
Perspective: Why Is Voter Turnout Lower in the United States Than in Many Countries?
Political Participation
Unconventional Participation
Unconventional Participation as a Necessity
Unconventional Participation as a Tactic
Conventional Participation
Voter Turnout
The Decline of Voter Turnout in the Twentieth Century
Factors Affecting Turnout
Convenience
Motivation
Who Votes?
Picture Yourself … As A Voter In Israel
Questions to Consider
Age
Ethnicity
Income
What Difference Does It Make Who Votes?
Turnout in Congressional Elections
Voting in Referendums
How People Make Voting Decisions
Low Levels of Information
The Candidates
The State of the Nation and the Economy
Party Identification
Policy Issues
Who Votes for Whom?
Political Campaigns and the Voters’ Choices
Technology and the Tools of the Campaign
Polls
Focus Groups
Television Advertisements
Free Media
Websites and Social Networking Sites
Targeted Marketing
The Flow of Factors in the Campaign
The Candidates
State of the Nation and the Economy
Party Identification
Electoral Mobilization versus Changing Minds
Party Polarization Among Voters
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
10 Media and Politics
Perspective: How Have the Internet and Social Media Affected Politics?
The Functions of the Media
Reporting and Interpreting the News
Helping to Set the Public Agenda
Serving as Agents of Socialization
Serving as a Public Forum
Providing Entertainment
Tracing the Development of Media in the United States
Beginnings
The Partisan Press
The Penny Press and Yellow Journalism
The Rise of Objective Journalism and the Fourth Estate
Radio
Television
Social Media and the Internet
Government Regulation of the Media
Regulating the Airwaves
Regulating Broadcast Content
Regulating the Internet
Picture Yourself … As a Journalist in Saudi Arabia
Questions to Consider
Government and the Media
Presidents and the Press
Congress and the Press
The Supreme Court and the Press
Elections
Assessing the Media
Biased News
Formulaic News
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
11 Congress
Perspective: Can Legislatures Exercise Effective Control Over the Use of Force?
The Functions of Congress
Legitimacy and Representation
Models of Representation
Pork Barrel Projects and Earmarks
Demographic Representation
Constituency Service
Lawmaking
Executive Oversight
Shaping Foreign Policy
Constitutional Powers
Necessary and Proper Clause
Impeachment
Appointments
The Structure of Congress
Bicameralism
Distinctive House and Senate Rules
Congressional Sessions
Committees and Subcommittees
How Congress Operates
Influence in Congress
Rank-and-File Members
Party Leaders
Committee and Subcommittee Chairs
Congressional Staff
Congressional Support Agencies
Picture Yourself … Visiting the Parliament House in New Delhi, India
Questions to Consider
Assembling Coalitions Makes Action Possible
Decentralizing Forces
Centralizing Forces
From Czars to Committee Government to Party Dictators
Presidential Influence on Congressional Coalitions
The Legislative Process
The Budget Process
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
12 The Presidency
Perspective: Why Have the Norms for Presidential Communication Changed?
Presidential and Parliamentary Systems
The Evolving Job of President
Constitutional Roles
Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces
Chief Diplomat
Picture Yourself … In Caracas, Venezuela
Questions to Consider
Chief Legislator
Chief Administrator
Chief Magistrate
Extra-Constitutional Roles
Chief Budgeter
Chief Economist
Political Leader and Head of State
Theories of Presidential Power
Public Approval of Presidents
The Institutional Presidency
The Executive Office of the President
The Vice President
The Cabinet
Presidential Goals and Keys to Success
Personal Ability
Legislative Strategy
Appealing to Party
Setting the Legislative Agenda
Issuing Vetoes
Going Public
Administrative Strategy
Regulations
Unilateral Executive Actions
Judicial Strategy
Judicial Selection
Enforcement
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
13 Bureaucracy
Perspective: How Do Governments Respond During Natural Disasters?
Democracy And Bureaucracy in the United States
Features of a Modern Bureaucracy
Weber’s Model of Bureaucracy
Distinctive Features of U.S. Bureaucracy
A Cultural Distrust of Government Power and Capacity
Lack of Constitutional Standing
Uncertain Guidance
Neutral Agents Are Forced to Be Political
Experimental Structures
The Checkered History of Bureaucracy in the United States
Hamilton versus Jefferson
Nineteenth-Century Changes
The Creation of the U.S. Civil Service
The Complex Structure of the Federal Bureaucracy
Departments
Independent Agencies
Independent Regulatory Commissions
Government Corporations
Hybrid Organizations
The Size of the Federal Bureaucracy
The Search for Control
Annual Budget Reviews
Authorization of Programs
Oversight of Agency Performance
Nomination and Confirmation of Political Appointees
Reorganization of the Bureaucracy
Dramatic Reorganizations: The National Security Apparatus
Picture Yourself … Advising the President on Policy Toward Russia
Questions to Consider
Managing Public Employees
When Control Proves Elusive
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
14 The Judiciary
Perspective: When Do Reactions to Unpopular Court Decisions Threaten Judicial Independence?
An Independent Judiciary Enforcing the Rule of Law
The Creation of Judicial Review
Precedents for Judicial Review
The Framers’ Intent
Marbury v. Madison
The Context of Marbury v. Madison
The Decision in Marbury v. Madison
Judicial Review of State Action
Judicial Review Around the World
Picture Yourself … As a U.S. Marshal Charged With Protecting Federal Judges
Questions to Consider
An Overview of the U.S. Court System
The Federal Court System
U.S. District Courts
U.S. Courts of Appeals
The U.S. Supreme Court
State Court Systems
The Supreme Court in Action
Getting to the Court
How the Court Decides Cases
The Role of Judicial Philosophy in Decision Making
The Jurisprudence of Original Intent
Judicial Restraint versus Judicial Activism
Limits on the Supreme Court
Constitutional Checks
Noncompliance
How Judges Are Selected
The Selection of Supreme Court Justices
Choosing Supreme Court Nominees
Confirming Supreme Court Nominees
The Selection of Lower Federal Court Judges
Senatorial Courtesy versus Presidential Prerogative
Diversifying the Bench
Judicial Selection in the States
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
15 Domestic and Economic Policy
Perspective: What Can the United States Learn From Canada’s Legalization of Recreational Marijuana?
Making Public Policy
An Idealized Model of Policy Making
Agenda Setting
Policy Formulation
Policy Adoption
Policy Implementation
Policy Evaluation
Influence of Historical Experience
Influence of Economic Systems
Picture Yourself … Committed to Ending Slavery in 1843 America
Questions to Consider
Health Care
Background
Problems and Solutions
Access
Quality and Cost
Politics
Social Security
Background
Problems and Solutions
Changing Demographics
Closing the Gap Between Benefits and Revenue
Policy Alternatives
Politics
Energy and the Environment
Background
Problems and Solutions
Declining Dependence on Imported Oil
Climate Change
Clean Coal
Nuclear Power
Inefficient Electrical Grid
Consumer Attitudes
Politics
Economic Policy
Fiscal Policy
The National Debt
Monetary Policy
Regulation
The Limits of Domestic Economic Policies
Consequences for Democracy
Critical Thinking Questions
Key Terms
Descriptions of Images and Figures
Appendix A The Declaration of Independence. In Congress, July 4, 1776
Appendix B The Constitution of the United States of America1
Article I. Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Section 5
Section 6
Section 7
Section 8
Section 9
Section 10
Article II. Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Article III. Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Article IV. Section 1
Section 2
Section 3
Section 4
Article V
Article VI
Article VII
Amendment I
Amendment II
Amendment III
Amendment IV
Amendment V
Amendment VI
Amendment VII
Amendment VIII
Amendment IX
Amendment X
Amendment XI [1795]
Amendment XII [1804]
Amendment XIII [1865]
Amendment XIV [1868]
Amendment XV [1870]
Amendment XVI [1913]
Amendment XVII [1913]
Amendment XVIII [1919]
Amendment XIX [1920]
Amendment XX [1933]
Amendment XXI [1933]
Amendment XXII [1951]
Amendment XXIII [1961]
Amendment XXIV [1964]
Amendment XXV [1967]
Amendment XXVI [1971]
Amendment XXVII [1992]
Appendix C Federalist No. 10 (James Madison)
Appendix D Federalist No. 51 (James Madison)
Glossary
Notes. Chapter 1
Chapter 2
Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Chapter 5
Chapter 6
Chapter 7
Chapter 8
Chapter 9
Chapter 10
Chapter 11
Chapter 12
Chapter 13
Chapter 14
Chapter 15
Appendix B
Index
