Читать книгу American Democracy in Context - Joseph A. Pika - Страница 8

1  Preface

2  A Note From the Authors

3  Acknowledgments

4  About the Authors

5 Part I Foundations of American DemocracyChapter 1: Democracy and American PoliticsPerspective: What Difference Does Democracy Make?Government and PoliticsDemocracy as a Form of GovernmentDirect DemocracyIndirect DemocracyThe Challenges of DemocracyEnsuring Majority RuleProtecting Minority RightsRepublicsFunctions of GovernmentMaintaining Order and SafetyProviding Public GoodsPromoting the General WelfareProviding InfrastructureRegulating the Economy to Ensure That It Operates FairlyProviding Support to People in Vulnerable PositionsRedistributing Income to Improve the Lives of Citizens With Less WealthRegulating BehaviorControversies About Government FunctionsAmerican ValuesFairness Based on ContributionsFreedom and IndividualismSupport for the Rule of LawReligionVariations and Conflicts in ValuesAmerican IdeologiesConservatismLiberalismOther IdeologiesComparative and Historical ContextsPicture Yourself … As a German CitizenConsequences for DemocracyChapter 2: The Founding and the ConstitutionPerspective: What Compromises are Necessary for Ratifying a National Constitution?The American ColoniesMotivations for Coming to the ColoniesBritish Influences on American Political ThoughtThe Magna CartaCivil War, the Glorious Revolution, and the English Bill of Rights“No Taxation Without Representation”The Sugar Act and Stamp ActThe British ResponseThe Boston Tea PartyThe First Continental CongressRevolution and IndependenceThe Second Continental CongressThe Declaration of IndependenceThe Articles of ConfederationThe Structure and Power of Government Under the Articles of ConfederationWeaknesses of the Articles of ConfederationShays’ RebellionStarting Over: The Constitutional ConventionThe Delegates and Their MotivesLarge States Versus Small States: The Virginia and New Jersey PlansThe Three-Fifths Compromise and the Great CompromiseCreating the Executive and Judicial BranchesThe ConstitutionCore PrinciplesThe Articles of the ConstitutionArticle I: The Legislative BranchArticle II: The Executive BranchArticle III: The Judicial BranchArticles IV–VIIRatifying the ConstitutionFederalists Versus Anti-FederalistsAnother Compromise: A Post-Ratification Bill of RightsAmending the ConstitutionPicture Yourself … Amidst Constitutional Change in HungaryThe Formal Amendment ProcessInformal Methods of Constitutional ChangeJudicial InterpretationCoordinate ConstructionConsequences for DemocracyChapter 3: FederalismPerspective: “Sanctuary Cities”: What are They and Why Does the U.S. Have Them?Understanding FederalismThe Federal SystemStrengths and Weaknesses of a Federal SystemThe Constitutional Allocation of the Powers of GovernmentNational PowersState PowersConcurrent PowersProhibited PowersRelationships Among the StatesCompeting Interpretations of FederalismDual FederalismCooperative FederalismEarly Precedents: National Supremacy PrevailsMcCulloch v. Maryland (1819)Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)The Resurgence of States’ RightsNullification, Secession, and the Civil WarThe Rise and Fall of National Power in the Wake of the Civil WarThe New Deal and the Rise of Cooperative FederalismThe Supreme Court Thwarts the New DealThe Supreme Court Embraces Cooperative FederalismImplementing Cooperative FederalismPicture Yourself … Amidst California’s “Anti-Okie” Panic of the 1930sThe New Federalism and BeyondThe New FederalismFederalism in the Twenty-First CenturyConsequences for Democracy

6 Part II Civil Liberties and Civil RightsChapter 4: Civil LibertiesPerspective: How Much Government Control of the Internet is Too Much—or Too Little?The Bill of RightsThe Bill of Rights and the States: The Original UnderstandingThe Incorporation of the Bill of RightsThe First Amendment Freedoms of Speech, Press, and AssemblyFreedom of the Press and Prior RestraintWhat Did the Framers Mean by “Freedom of Speech”?The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798The Supreme Court Confronts Restrictions on SpeechSymbolic SpeechObscenityLibel and SlanderFalse AdvertisingCampus SpeechFreedom of AssemblyThe First Amendment Guarantee of Freedom of ReligionThe Establishment ClauseThe Free Exercise ClauseThe Right of PrivacyThe Natural Rights TraditionDiscovering the Right of PrivacyAbortionExtending the Liberty of Same-Sex CouplesThe Right to DieThe Rights of Criminal DefendantsDue Process Rights of the AccusedPicture Yourself … As A Prospective Juror In JapanJudicial Expansion of the Rights of the Criminally AccusedThe Death PenaltyBalancing National Security With Civil LibertiesConsequences for DemocracyChapter 5: Civil RightsPerspective: The Confederate Monument DebateSlavery in AmericaSlavery and the ConstitutionSlavery and the Supreme CourtCivil Rights for African Americans After the Civil WarThe Black Codes and the Civil Rights Acts of the 1860s and 1870sThe Supreme Court Intervenes: The Civil Rights Cases and Plessy v. FergusonThe Rise of Jim Crow Laws and Barriers to VotingAfrican American Civil Rights in the Twentieth CenturyThe NAACP and the Fight for Civil Rights Through the CourtsBrown v. Board of EducationThe Civil Rights MovementCongress Takes ActionBlack Lives Matter and White NationalismWomen and Equal RightsThe Fight for Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Rights in the Wake of the Nineteenth AmendmentThe Equal Rights AmendmentSexual Harassment in the WorkplacePicture Yourself … As a Woman In ZambiaEqual Pay for Equal WorkTitle IXDiscrimination Based on EthnicityNative AmericansImmigrantsThe Current Controversy Over ImmigrationHispanicsNew Frontiers in Civil RightsLGBT RightsDisability RightsRedressing Past DiscriminationAffirmative ActionApologies and ReparationsConsequences for Democracy

7 Part III People and PoliticsChapter 6: Public Opinion and Political SocializationPerspective: What Difference Does Public Opinion Make?Public Opinion and Political CulturePolitical ToleranceTrust in GovernmentPolitical EfficacyPolitical Knowledge and Attention to IssuesPicture Yourself … As a Young Person in ChinaPolitical SocializationFamiliesPeer GroupsSchoolsCollegeMediaWorld and Political EventsAmerican ExceptionalismGroup Differences in the United StatesAgeRace and EthnicityReligionSocial ClassGenderHow Public Opinion ChangesGenerational ReplacementChanges in Party IdentificationHow Ideologies Gain Their StructureHow Public Opinion Is MeasuredPolling TechniquesCluster SamplingRandom Digit DialingInternet PollingPolls in Political CampaignsTracking PollsExit PollsPush PollsLimitations of PollsConsequences for DemocracyChapter 7: Political Parties and Interest GroupsPerspective: How Centralized can Political Parties be?Defining Political Parties and Interest GroupsPurposes of a Political PartyCampaigningMobilizationRecruitment and Socialization of LeadersProviding IdentityProviding a Channel for ControlThe Development of American Political PartiesEarly Party FormationThe First Party System, 1800–1820The Second Party System, 1828–1854150 Years of Democrats and RepublicansThe Golden Age of Parties, 1860–1900Republican Dominance and Progressive Reform, 1900–1932The New Deal and Democratic Dominance, 1932–1964Republican Recovery, 1964–PresentReforms Weaken the Parties: Round TwoThe Parties TodayElectoral Realignments and Partisan ChangeThe Structure of American PartiesThe Party in the ElectorateThe Party OrganizationState and Local Party OrganizationsNational CommitteesCongressional Campaign CommitteesThe Resurgence of National Party OrganizationsThe Party in GovernmentParties in CongressPresidents and PartiesParties in State GovernmentThe Two-Party SystemThe U.S. Electoral System and the Two-Party SystemThird Parties in the Two-Party SystemThird Parties Can Make a DifferenceResponsible Party GovernmentPicture Yourself … As A Member Of Great Britain’s Conservative PartyInterest Groups in American PoliticsCitizen GroupsCorporationsLabor UnionsTrade, Professional, and Agricultural AssociationsOther Groups That Lobby OfficialsSocial MovementsMovements That Have Made a Major ImpactInterest Group Representation and the Organization of Public OpinionOrganization of the Well-OffProducer Interests and Consumer InterestsSpecial Circumstances Affecting Group OrganizationContiguous ResidenceAgeStrategic LocationConsequences for DemocracyChapter 8: Nominations and ElectionsPerspective: How Long Should Election Campaigns Last?The Development of Elections in the United StatesThe Presidential CampaignSelecting the DelegatesPrimaries and CaucusesHow Representative Are Primaries and Caucuses?The Road to NominationThe Early Contests: The Importance of TimingFrontloading and the Schedule of ContestsThe National ConventionCandidate Selection Compared With Other CountriesPicture Yourself … As An Engaged VoterThe General ElectionCongressional ElectionsManipulation of District BoundariesIncumbents’ Other AdvantagesControl of the NewsStaff to Support ConstituentsEasier Access to Campaign ContributionsExperienceParty AccountabilityElectoral Systems and Their EffectsThe United States: Winner-Take-AllProportional RepresentationThe Electoral College and Presidential ElectionsPopular Versus Electoral VotesStrategic CampaigningAnti-Participation EffectsSmall-Population Versus Large-Population StatesCasting Pledged VotesPositive EffectsProposals for Changing the Electoral CollegeElections and the Representation of Women and MinoritiesCampaign FinanceThe Dilemma of Limiting Campaign SpendingRegulating Campaign Finance for Parties and CandidatesCompliance and DisclosureLimits to ContributionsPublic Financing for Presidential Candidates“Stand by Your Ad”Independent Expenditures by OthersForeign Interference in Campaigns and ElectionsHow Other Countries Regulate Campaign FinanceConsequences for DemocracyChapter 9: Participation, Voting Behavior, and CampaignsPerspective: Why Is Voter Turnout Lower in the United States Than in Many Countries?Political ParticipationUnconventional ParticipationUnconventional Participation as a NecessityUnconventional Participation as a TacticConventional ParticipationVoter TurnoutThe Decline of Voter Turnout in the Twentieth CenturyFactors Affecting TurnoutConvenienceMotivationWho Votes?Picture Yourself … as a Voter in IsraelAgeEthnicityIncomeWhat Difference Does It Make Who Votes?Turnout in Congressional ElectionsVoting in ReferendumsHow People Make Voting DecisionsLow Levels of InformationThe CandidatesThe State of the Nation and the EconomyParty IdentificationPolicy IssuesWho Votes for Whom?Political Campaigns and the Voters’ ChoicesTechnology and the Tools of the CampaignPollsFocus GroupsTelevision AdvertisementsFree MediaWebsites and Social Networking SitesTargeted MarketingThe Flow of Factors in the CampaignThe CandidatesState of the Nation and the EconomyParty IdentificationElectoral Mobilization Versus Changing MindsParty Polarization Among VotersConsequences for DemocracyChapter 10: Media and PoliticsPerspective: How Have the Internet and Social Media Affected Politics?The Functions of the MediaReporting and Interpreting the NewsHelping to Set the Public AgendaServing as Agents of SocializationServing as a Public ForumProviding EntertainmentTracing the Development of Media in the United StatesBeginningsThe Partisan PressThe Penny Press and Yellow JournalismThe Rise of Objective Journalism and the Fourth EstateRadioTelevisionSocial Media and the InternetGovernment Regulation of the MediaRegulating the AirwavesRegulating Broadcast ContentRegulating the InternetPicture Yourself … As A Journalist In Saudi ArabiaGovernment and the MediaPresidents and the PressCongress and the PressThe Supreme Court and the PressElectionsAssessing the MediaBiased NewsFormulaic NewsConsequences for Democracy

8 Part IV Institutions of American DemocracyChapter 11: CongressPerspective: Can Legislatures Exercise Effective Control Over the use of Force?The Functions of CongressLegitimacy and RepresentationModels of RepresentationPork Barrel Projects and EarmarksDemographic RepresentationConstituency ServiceLawmakingExecutive OversightShaping Foreign PolicyConstitutional PowersNecessary and Proper ClauseImpeachmentAppointmentsThe Structure of CongressBicameralismDistinctive House and Senate RulesCongressional SessionsCommittees and SubcommitteesHow Congress OperatesInfluence in CongressRank-and-File MembersParty LeadersCommittee and Subcommittee ChairsCongressional StaffCongressional Support AgenciesPicture Yourself … Visiting the Parliament House in New Delhi, IndiaAssembling Coalitions Makes Action PossibleDecentralizing ForcesCentralizing ForcesFrom Czars to Committee Government to Party DictatorsPresidential Influence on Congressional CoalitionsThe Legislative ProcessThe Budget ProcessConsequences for DemocracyChapter 12: The PresidencyPerspective: Why Have the Norms for Presidential Communication Changed?Presidential and Parliamentary SystemsThe Evolving Job of PresidentConstitutional RolesCommander in Chief of the Armed ForcesChief DiplomatPicture Yourself … In Caracas, VenezuelaChief LegislatorChief AdministratorChief MagistrateExtra-Constitutional RolesChief BudgeterChief EconomistPolitical Leader and Head of StateTheories of Presidential PowerPublic Approval of PresidentsThe Institutional PresidencyThe Executive Office of the PresidentThe Vice PresidentThe CabinetPresidential Goals and Keys to SuccessPersonal AbilityLegislative StrategyAppealing to PartySetting the Legislative AgendaIssuing VetoesGoing PublicAdministrative StrategyRegulationsUnilateral Executive ActionsJudicial StrategyJudicial SelectionEnforcementConsequences for DemocracyChapter 13: BureaucracyPerspective: How do Governments Respond During Natural Disasters?Democracy and Bureaucracy in the United StatesFeatures of a Modern BureaucracyWeber’s Model of BureaucracyDistinctive Features of U.S. BureaucracyA Cultural Distrust of Government Power and CapacityLack of Constitutional StandingUncertain GuidanceNeutral Agents Are Forced to Be PoliticalExperimental StructuresThe Checkered History of Bureaucracy in the United StatesHamilton Versus JeffersonNineteenth-Century ChangesThe Creation of the U.S. Civil ServiceThe Complex Structure of the Federal BureaucracyDepartmentsIndependent AgenciesIndependent Regulatory CommissionsGovernment CorporationsHybrid OrganizationsThe Size of the Federal BureaucracyThe Search for ControlAnnual Budget ReviewsAuthorization of ProgramsOversight of Agency PerformanceNomination and Confirmation of Political AppointeesReorganization of the BureaucracyDramatic Reorganizations: The National Security ApparatusPicture Yourself … Advising the President on Policy Toward RussiaManaging Public EmployeesWhen Control Proves ElusiveConsequences for DemocracyChapter 14: The JudiciaryPerspective: When do Reactions to Unpopular Court Decisions Threaten Judicial Independence?An Independent Judiciary Enforcing the Rule of LawThe Creation of Judicial ReviewPrecedents for Judicial ReviewThe Framers’ IntentMarbury v. MadisonThe Context of Marbury v. MadisonThe Decision in Marbury v. MadisonJudicial Review of State ActionJudicial Review Around the WorldPicture Yourself … As A U.S. Marshal Charged With Protecting Federal JudgesAn Overview of the U.S. Court SystemThe Federal Court SystemU.S. District CourtsU.S. Courts of AppealsThe U.S. Supreme CourtState Court SystemsThe Supreme Court in ActionGetting to the CourtHow the Court Decides CasesThe Role of Judicial Philosophy in Decision MakingThe Jurisprudence of Original IntentJudicial Restraint Versus Judicial ActivismLimits on the Supreme CourtConstitutional ChecksNoncomplianceHow Judges Are SelectedThe Selection of Supreme Court JusticesChoosing Supreme Court NomineesConfirming Supreme Court NomineesThe Selection of Lower Federal Court JudgesSenatorial Courtesy Versus Presidential PrerogativeDiversifying the BenchJudicial Selection in the StatesConsequences for Democracy

9 Part V Public PolicyChapter 15: Domestic and Economic PolicyPerspective: What Can the United States Learn from Canada’s Legalization of Recreational Marijuana?Making Public PolicyAn Idealized Model of Policy MakingAgenda SettingPolicy FormulationPolicy AdoptionPolicy ImplementationPolicy EvaluationInfluence of Historical ExperienceInfluence of Economic SystemsPicture Yourself … Committed to Ending Slavery in 1843 AmericaHealth CareBackgroundProblems and SolutionsAccessQuality and CostPoliticsSocial SecurityBackgroundProblems and SolutionsChanging DemographicsClosing the Gap Between Benefits and RevenuePolicy AlternativesPoliticsEnergy and the EnvironmentBackgroundProblems and SolutionsDeclining Dependence on Imported OilClimate ChangeClean CoalNuclear PowerInefficient Electrical GridConsumer AttitudesPoliticsEconomic PolicyFiscal PolicyThe National DebtMonetary PolicyRegulationThe Limits of Domestic Economic PoliciesConsequences for Democracy

10  Appendix A: The Declaration of Independence

11  Appendix B: The Constitution of the United States of America

12  Appendix C: Federalist No. 10 (James Madison)

13  Appendix D: Federalist No. 51 (James Madison)

14  Glossary

15  Notes

16  Index