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Joseph J. Torres
Life in the Open Ocean
Читать книгу Life in the Open Ocean - Joseph J. Torres - Страница 1
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Страница 1
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Страница 7
Страница 8
Страница 9
Страница 10
Страница 11
1 Physics and the Physical Environment
The Vastness of the Open Ocean
The Properties of Water
Density
Viscosity
Reynolds Number
Drag
Temperature
The Oceans and Ocean Basins
Ocean Circulation
Surface Currents: Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow
Coriolis Force
Ekman Transport
Ocean Gyres and Geostrophic Flow
Upwelling
Deep‐Ocean Circulation
Water Masses
Oxygen
Pressure
Sound
Light
Absorption and Scattering
Traditional Depth Zones in the Ocean
Concluding Thoughts
References
2 Physiological Accommodation to Environmental Challenges
Temperature
Terms
Temperature Effects on Survival: The Tolerance Polygon
Temperature Effects on Rate Processes – The
Q
10
Approximation
Patterns of Thermal Acclimation
Climatic Adaptation in Ectotherms
Temperature Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Concentration: The Quantitative Strategy for Short‐term Change
Compensation via Changes in Enzyme Quality – Isozymes, Allozymes, and Temperature Adaptation
What Properties of Enzymes Can Be Changed?
Lipids and Temperature
A Membrane Primer
Pressure
Early Work
Later Work
Whole Animal Work
Molecular Mechanisms of Adaptation to Pressure
Pressure and Membranes
Oxygen
Box 2.1 An Aside on Units
Severity of Oxygen Minima, “Dead Zones,” and the Intertidal
Adaptations to Oxygen Minima The Aerobic Strategy
Salinity
Depth
Concluding Thoughts
References
3 The Cnidaria Introduction
Classification History
Classification Schemes
Phylum Cnidaria Subphylum Medusozoa
Subphylum Anthozoa
Subphylum Myxozoa
The Hydromedusae Morphology Basics
Morphological Detail and Life Histories
The Scyphomedusae Basic Characteristics
Morphological Detail and Life Histories General
Coronatae
Semaeostomae
Rhizostomae
The Cubomedusae
Foraging Strategies
General Considerations
The Cnidae
Venoms
Interaction with Prey
Direct Interception
Encounter Zone
Anthomedusae
Leptomedusae
Trachymedusae
Narcomedusae
Scyphomedusae
The Model
Swimming and Hunting Behavior
Water Flow and Swimming
Attraction Between Predator and Prey
Diets, Feeding Rates, and Impacts on Prey Populations
Rogue Hydroids: Predatory Polyps in the Midwater
Feeding in the Cubomedusae
Locomotion
The Mesoglea
Nerve Nets and Nervous Control of Swimming
Senses and Sensory Mechanisms
The Siphonophores
Terminology and Affinities of Siphonophore “Persons”
Whole Animal Organization
Life Histories
The Siphonophore Conundrum
Feeding Fishing Behavior
Digestion
Diets and Selectivity
Ecological Importance
Locomotion
Buoyancy
Vertical Distribution
Diurnal Vertical Migration
Geographical Distribution
Organization and Sensory Mechanisms
Epithelial Conduction vs. Neural Conduction
The Cnidaria Formerly Known as Chondrophora Classification
Characteristics of the Chondrophoran Medusa
Evolution Within the Chondrophora
Feeding in the Chondrophora
Locomotion
References
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