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Оглавление1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 The Earth's surface area. (a) Earth’s surface area as a function ...Figure 1.2 Dynamic viscosity ( μ ). A fluid’s “stickiness” or resistanc...Figure 1.3 Flow‐induced differential pressure. (a) Drag. (b) Lift.Figure 1.4 The Polar Oceans. (a) Arctic Ocean basin. (b) Southern Ocean surr...Figure 1.5 Geostrophic (surface) currents.Figure 1.6 Thermohaline (deep) currents.Figure 1.7 Coriolis effect. Differences in velocity of Earth's surface as a ...Figure 1.8 Coriolis effect. Apparent curved path of an object not coupled to...Figure 1.9 Ekman transport. Net spiral pattern of wind‐driven motion down th...Figure 1.10 Upwelling and downwelling. (a) Ekman transport caused by wind bl...Figure 1.11 T‐S diagram. Temperature–salinity plot from an oceanographic sta...Figure 1.12 Standard depth profiles of temperature at low, middle, and high ...Figure 1.13 Surface and central water masses.Figure 1.14 Intermediate water masses.Figure 1.15 Deep and bottom water masses: sources and flow patterns. AAIW, A...Figure 1.16 Flow patterns and mixing of water masses in the Southern Ocean. ...Figure 1.17 Oxygen and temperature profiles from four oceanic regions. (a) A...Figure 1.18 Typical oceanic oxygen concentrations. (a) Surface; (b) 500 m.Figure 1.19 Mechanical wave propagation. (a) Transverse wave. Particles disp...Figure 1.20 Velocity of sound in seawater as a function of depth. Maximum ve...Figure 1.21 Total spectrum of electromagnetic radiation.Figure 1.22 Attenuation of different wavelengths of light as a function of d...Figure 1.23 Light intensity and photic zonation as a function of depth in co...Figure 1.24 Oceanic depth zones. Examples of typical fauna from each zone ar...
2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Biogeographic ranges and distributions of four species of epipela...Figure 2.2 Thermal tolerance and lethal limits. (a) Thermal tolerance polygo...Figure 2.3 Energy distribution curves for a population of molecules at two d...Figure 2.4 Precht’s patterns of temperature acclimation. Animals are acclima...Figure 2.5 Schematic representation of the relation between temperature and ...Figure 2.6 Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activities (international units gWM−1...Figure 2.7 Citrate synthase (CS) activities (international units g WM−1...Figure 2.8 Changes in enzyme activity as a function of time after changes in...Figure 2.9 The effect of temperature on the Km of acetylcholine for acetylch...Figure 2.10 The effect of temperature on apparent Michaelis constant (Km) of...Figure 2.11 Michaelis–Menten saturation kinetics: three types of relationshi...Figure 2.12 Effects of assay temperature on the apparent Michaelis constant ...Figure 2.13 The relationship between the catalytic rate constant (Kcat) and ...Figure 2.14 Membrane structure. (A) Schematic representation of a membrane s...Figure 2.15 The relationship between adaptation temperature and percentage o...Figure 2.16 Temperature acclimation and phospholipid class. Time course of c...Figure 2.17 The effect of pressure on Excitatory Junction Potentials (EJP) r...Figure 2.18 Respiration of euphausiids plotted against depth using the indic...Figure 2.19 The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the apparent Michaelis con...Figure 2.20 Effects of pressure on gill Na+, K+‐ATPase activities in fishes ...Figure 2.21 Effects of lipid substitution on the pressure responses of Na+, ...Figure 2.22 Oxygen consumption rate of the lophogastrid Gnathophausia ingensFigure 2.23 Oxygen consumption rate, percent utilization of oxygen, and vent...Figure 2.24 Relationship between percent utilization and ventilation volume ...Figure 2.25 Osmoregulation in teleosts. Balance of water and ion concentrati...Figure 2.26 Osmoregulation in elasmobranchs. The osmolytes urea (a) and trim...Figure 2.27 Relationship between routine respiration (solid line) and maximu...Figure 2.28 The relationship between water content and minimum depth of occu...Figure 2.29 Metabolic rates of diverse marine species as a function of minim...Figure 2.30 Activities of the respiratory enzymes citrate synthase (aerobic;...
3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Tissue layer homologies in cnidarians. (a) A hydrozoan polyp; (b)...Figure 3.2 Diagram to define the radii of a medusa. P. are the per‐radii on ...Figure 3.3 Diagram of a medusa with one quadrant removed.Figure 3.4 Cnidarian structure. (a) Diagram of a hydroid polyp; (b) cross se...Figure 3.5 Medusae structure. (a) Diagrams of umbrella shapes of different m...Figure 3.6 Anatomy of hydrozoan polyps. (a) Composite diagram of a thecate h...Figure 3.7 (a) The hydrozoan polyp Coryne eximia with newly liberated medusa...Figure 3.8 Life cycles of hydrozoans. (a) Obelia, a thecate hydroid with fre...Figure 3.9 Hydrozoan medusae. (a) The trachymedusa Aglaura hemistoma. (b) Th...Figure 3.10 Scyphomedusae. (a) General anatomy of a scyphomedusa. (b) Oral v...Figure 3.11 Coronatae. (a) The coronate scyphomedusa Periphylla (helmet jell...Figure 3.12 Life cycles of scyphozoans. (a) Aurelia sp. (moon jellyfish); (b...Figure 3.13 Rhizostomeae. Development of the mouth arms of Mastigias: (a) ea...Figure 3.14 Cubomedusae. (a) Cross section through the bell of Carybdea; (b)...Figure 3.15 Nematocyst structure. (a) Before discharge; (b) after discharge....Figure 3.16 Feeding behavior of Pelagia noctiluca on motile prey. (a) When t...Figure 3.17 Patterns of tentacle deployment seen in medusae, siphonophores, ...Figure 3.18 Different hunting and feeding behaviors of medusae. Shaded areas...Figure 3.19 Prey capture and ingestion in Carybdea marsupialis. (a) Prey cap...Figure 3.20 Jet propulsion in medusae. (a) Bell expansion and water intake; ...Figure 3.21 Oral surface of the subumbrella of Cyanea capillata. The oral ar...Figure 3.22 Nerve net in a hydromedusa.Figure 3.23 Sensory mechanisms: rhopalia. (a) Position of the rhopalia of th...Figure 3.24 Basic statocyst structure showing the calcium carbonate statolit...Figure 3.25 Examples of the three suborders of siphonophores. Cystonectae; (...Figure 3.26 Siphonophore zooids. (a) Gastrozooid. (b) Dactylozooid. (c) Gono...Figure 3.27 Siphonophore nectophores. (a) Basic unmodified nectophore. (b) C...Figure 3.28 Siphonophore bracts. (a) Basic leaf‐shaped bract, suborder Physo...Figure 3.29 Vertical section of the simple type of pneumatophore of Agalma....Figure 3.30 Siphonophore colony structure. (a) Cross section of a siphonopho...Figure 3.31 Siphonophore cormidia. (a) Calycophoran Nectocarmen antonioi. (b...Figure 3.32 Comparison of the life cycle of an agalmid siphonophore with tha...Figure 3.33 Cyclic fishing behavior and optimization of feeding space. (a) T...Figure 3.34 Dimorphism of Physalia. (a) Right handed (left sailing); (b) lef...Figure 3.35 Degrees of dependence on gelatinous parts for flotation. (a) Rhi...Figure 3.36 The four major temperate zones of the ocean surface. The Tropica...Figure 3.37 Simplified wiring diagram of a physonectid siphonophore. Only ec...Figure 3.38 Porpitidae. (a) Pelagic polyp colony and medusa of Porpita porpi...Figure 3.39 Life cycle of Tubularia, an athecate hydroid that does not relea...
4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Basic ctenophore morphology. (a) The cydippid ctenophore Pleurobr...Figure 4.2 Typical young cydippid larva.Figure 4.3 Ctenophore anatomy. (a) General anatomy of a cydippid ctenophore,...Figure 4.4 Symmetry and polar fields. (a) Aboral view of the cydippid ctenop...Figure 4.5 Aboral sense organs. (a) Statocyst of a cydippid ctenophore. (b) ...Figure 4.6 Lobate ctenophores. (a and b) Morphological comparison of cydippi...Figure 4.7 Cestid ctenophores. (a) The cestid ctenophore Velamen; (b) enlarg...Figure 4.8 Beroid ctenophores. (a) Aboral view of Beroë (flattened aspe...Figure 4.9 Platyctenid ctenophores. (a) The platyctenid Ctenoplana sp. showi...Figure 4.10 Ganeshid and thalassocalycid ctenophores. (a) The ganeshid cteno...Figure 4.11 Ctenophore tentacles. (a) Longitudinal section through a ctenoph...Figure 4.12 Prey encounter zones. (a) Tentacles fish within a volume describ...Figure 4.13 The lobate ctenophore Leucothea ochracea.Figure 4.14 The Black Sea region of Eastern Europe showing the two narrow st...Figure 4.15 Impact of ctenophores on fish populations. (a) Average abundance...Figure 4.16 Gastrovascular canal structure. (a) A rosette cell from the gast...Figure 4.17 The arrangement of the principal components of the apical organ/...Figure 4.18 Function of balancer cilia in ctenophores. (a) Apical organ poin...Figure 4.19 Statocyst control of movement in Pleurobrachia. (a) A horizontal...Figure 4.20 Transverse section through the region of the pharynx of Pleurobr...Figure 4.21 Comparison of a hypothesis of ctenophore phylogeny based on morp...
5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Benthic and pelagic nemerteans. (a) Cerebratulus sp., a common be...Figure 5.2 Gastrulation and coelom formation. (a) invagination of a coelobla...Figure 5.3 Diagrammatic cross sections of grades of structure. (a) acoelomat...Figure 5.4 Cross section of the pelagic nemertean Nectonemertes species.Figure 5.5 Diagrams of symmetry. (a) Spherical; (b) radial (Cnidaria); (c) b...Figure 5.6 Diagrams illustrating the effects of contraction of circular musc...Figure 5.7 Histological structure and anatomy of nemerteans. (a) Section thr...Figure 5.8 Schematic vertical longitudinal sections showing the arrangement ...Figure 5.9 Schematic diagrams showing the relationships between the parts of...Figure 5.10 Stylet apparatus of Pelagonemertes.Figure 5.11 Nemertean body and caudal fin shapes. (a) Body outlines of 10 sp...Figure 5.12 The pelagic nemertean Bathynemertes species.Figure 5.13 Nemertean nervous system. (a) The nervous system of Neuronemerte...Figure 5.14 Nemertean sense organs. (a) The head of the hoplonemertean Amphi...Figure 5.15 Integumentary and subepidermal sense organs in pelagic nemertean...Figure 5.16 Nemertean circulatory system. (a) Circulatory and excretory syst...Figure 5.17 Nemertean circulatory system. (a) Dorsal view of the internal st...Figure 5.18 Nemertean excretory system. (a) Protonephridial cluster of Drepa...Figure 5.19 Nemertean digestive system. (a) Longitudinal section through the...Figure 5.20 Reproductive systems in male and female Nectonemertes mirabilis....Figure 5.21 Vertical profiles for 15 North Atlantic bathypelagic nemertean s...
6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Dendrogram showing phylogenetic relationships of annelids (Brusca...Figure 6.2 Cross section through a segment of the clam worm Alitta virens (f...Figure 6.3 Dorsal and ventral views of the head of Alitta virens.Figure 6.4 (a) The echiuroid Urechis caupo in its burrow. Note its body shap...Figure 6.5 Representative examples of the four most commonly caught families...Figure 6.6 Examples of three less common pelagic marine polychaete families....Figure 6.7 Examples from two families of Terebellid polychaetes. (a) Acrocir...Figure 6.8 Dorsal view of Alitta virens showing the general arrangement of i...Figure 6.9 Metameric anatomy of annelids. (a) Diagram of the anatomy within ...Figure 6.10 External anatomy of polychaetes: regional zonation and growth. (...Figure 6.11 Structure of the head and parapodia of marine polychaetes from t...Figure 6.12 The chaetopterid Chaetopterus variopedatus showing heteronomous ...Figure 6.13 Different types of chaetae from various polychaetes.Figure 6.14 Examples of structural differences in polychaete parapodia. (a) ...Figure 6.15 Polychaete excretory systems. (a) Hypothetical polychaete excret...Figure 6.16 Polychaete excretory systems. (a) Hypothetical polychaete excret...Figure 6.17 Polychaete excretory systems. (a) Hypothetical polychaete excret...Figure 6.18 Dorsal view of the central nervous system of Alitta virens.Figure 6.19 Polychaete sense organs. (a) Sensory and supporting granular cel...Figure 6.20 Polychaete photoreception (eyes). (a) A simple chaetopterid eye....Figure 6.21 Polychaete circulatory systems. (a) Circulation within a segment...Figure 6.22 Illustration of the tube‐dwelling polychaete Cirratulus cirratusFigure 6.23 (a) An epitokous Neanthes nubila; (b and c) the dimorphic parapo...Figure 6.24 A pelagic tomopterid showing the undulatory sinusoidal shape ass...Figure 6.25 Parapodial musculature and movement. (a and b) Movement of a par...Figure 6.26 Form of the proboscis in alciopines.Figure 6.27 Vertical distribution of the Antarctic polychaete P. longicirrat...
7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Onychophorans. (a) Conjectural reconstruction of Asheaia. (b) Ano...Figure 7.2 Tardigrade general anatomy. (a) A typical “water bear,” Echinicus...Figure 7.3 Archetypic body architecture of a malacostracan crusteacean.Figure 7.4 Classes Remipedia and Cephalocarida. (a) Stylized drawing of a re...Figure 7.5 The leptostracan crustacean Nebalia bipes.Figure 7.6 Stomatopoda. (a) External anatomy of the stomatopod Squilla; (b) ...Figure 7.7 General body form and external anatomy of a typical euphausiid Me...Figure 7.8 External anatomy of the amphionid crustacean Amphionides reynaudi...Figure 7.9 A typical dendrobranch decapod; the penaeid shrimp Penaeus setife...Figure 7.10 Mysid and lophogastrid shrimps. (a) Typical female mysid shrimp....Figure 7.11 Isopoda. (a) The giant bathypelagic isopod Anuropus bathypelagic...Figure 7.12 Amphipoda. (a) A typical gammarid amphipod. (b) A typical hyperi...Figure 7.13 (a) Cytology of the integument of the lined shore crab, Gecarinu...Figure 7.14 The eye and eye stalk of the shrimp, Leander, showing the X‐orga...Figure 7.15 Cross section of a body segment of a stylized arthropod showing ...Figure 7.16 Generalized arthropod body and limb joints. (a) Body wall joint ...Figure 7.17 Crustacean trunk limbs. (a) Generalized biramous limb. (b) Biram...Figure 7.18 Basic principles involved in excretion: ultrafiltration, secreti...Figure 7.19 The crustacean antennal or “green” gland. (a) Cut‐away of the he...Figure 7.20 Basic structure of the decapod crustacean nervous system.Figure 7.21 Compound eye types. (a) Apposition eye with axial light receptio...Figure 7.22 Fields of view and binocular overlap of the medial eyes of four ...Figure 7.23 Crustacean mechanoreception. (a) Antennal statocyst showing the ...Figure 7.24 Deep‐sea penaeid shrimp showing very long trailing antennae.Figure 7.25 Crustacean chemoreception. (a) Distribution of chemosensitivity ...Figure 7.26 Dose response to an equimolar mixture of L‐glutamic acid, taurin...Figure 7.27 Crustacean circulatory systems. (a) Major organ systems of a gen...Figure 7.28 Eucarid gills. (a) Positional gill types in decapod crustaceans....Figure 7.29 Crustacean gills. (a) a,b,c, on left side of figure‐ Circulation...Figure 7.30 Decapod gill types. (a) Phyllobranchiate; (b) trichobranchiate; ...Figure 7.31 Anatomy of the stomach of the crayfish, Astacus (lateral view)....Figure 7.32 Developmental sequence of the penaeid shrimp, Trachypenaeus cons...Figure 7.33 Illustrations of nine important species of euphausiids drawn to ...Figure 7.34 External morphology of an euphausiid.Figure 7.35 Euphausiid appendages. (a) Thoracic limb of Euphausia superba. (...Figure 7.36 Longitudinal section through the bi‐lobed eye of Stylocheiron lo...Figure 7.37 Spectral characteristics of the eyes and luminescence of euphaus...Figure 7.38 Abdominal photophores of (a) Euphausia sp. and (b) Stylocheiron ...Figure 7.39 Abbreviated sequence of larval development in euphausiids using ...Figure 7.40 Dendrobranchiate reproduction. Dendrobranch female reproductive ...Figure 7.41 Development of sinking eggs of Euphausia superba in shelf and oc...Figure 7.42 The feeding basket of Euphausia superba, and the size of common ...Figure 7.43 Vertical distribution profiles of 20 species of euphausiids in t...Figure 7.44 Midwater isolume trawling system for sampling at sonic scatterin...Figure 7.45 Two dawn and dusk examples of the correspondence of an isolume, ...Figure 7.46 Vertical migrations of three discrete scattering layers (A–C) in...Figure 7.47 Diel vertical distribution patterns in krill, non‐krill zooplank...Figure 7.48 Calman's “caridoid facies,” the ancestral shrimp form.Figure 7.49 Decapod external anatomy. (a) Lateral view of a typical caridean...Figure 7.50 Schematic ventral representation of the hepatopancreas and organ...Figure 7.51 Dendrobranch larval stages. (a) First nauplius of Sergia lucens;...Figure 7.52 Caridean larval stages. (a) Caridean egg after teloblast formati...Figure 7.53 Schematic illustration of the diurnal migration of pelagic shrim...Figure 7.54 Vertical distributions of 29 species of midwater decapods and my...Figure 7.55 Diet composition of the dominant decapods and mysids in the east...Figure 7.56 Galatheidae: pelagic squat lobsters. (a) The pelagic red crab Pl...Figure 7.57 Mysid anatomy. (a) Dorsal view of a typical mysid (limbs removed...Figure 7.58 Eucopiid anatomy. A young female Eucopia australis with elongate...Figure 7.59 Lophogastrid anatomy. (a) Internal anatomy of a male lophogastri...Figure 7.60 Lophogastrid and mysid nervous systems. (a) The nerve cord of th...Figure 7.61 Mysid circulation. (a) Principal blood vessels and circulation i...Figure 7.62 Diagrammatic representation of the internal anatomy of a mysid s...Figure 7.63 Size frequency distribution of 4239 individuals of Gnathophausia...Figure 7.64 Growth in size of Gnathophausia ingens from egg through final mo...Figure 7.65 Locomotion in lophogastrids and mysids. (a) Lateral view of the ...Figure 7.66 Swimming in Gnathophausia ingens. (a) Branched appendages of G. ...Figure 7.67 Gammarid amphipod structure. (a) Lateral view of the internal an...Figure 7.68 A comparison of the forms of two common hyperiid amphipods with ...Figure 7.69 Amphipod nervous system. (a) The ventral nerve cord of Gammarus ...Figure 7.70 Luminescence sites (black) in three amphipod species. (a) The ga...Figure 7.71 Digestive system of the hyperiid amphipod Cystisoma. (a) Positio...Figure 7.72 Larval developmental stages of the hyperiid amphipod Vibilia arm...Figure 7.73 Reproduction in the hyperiid amphipod Phronima. (a) Adult Phroni...Figure 7.74 Number of species of amphipods as a function of depth.Figure 7.75 The giant ostracod Gigantocypris. (a) Frontal view of Gigantocyp...Figure 7.76 The pleustonic “blue buoy” barnacle Dosima fascicularis. See col...Figure 7.77 The “giant” copepod Gaussia princeps. Carapace is deep blue in l...
8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 Molluscan classes Caudofoveata, and Solenogastres, formerly subcl...Figure 8.2 Class Monoplacophora. (a) External anatomy of Neopolina galathea,...Figure 8.3 Class Polyplacophora (chitons). (a) Stylized external anatomy of ...Figure 8.4 Class Scaphopoda (tusk or tooth shells). General anatomy of a sty...Figure 8.5 Class Bivalvia. (a) Internal anatomy of a stylized eulamellibranc...Figure 8.6 Class Gastropoda. (a) Internal anatomy of a stylized coil‐shelled...Figure 8.7 Torsion in gastropod molluscs. (a) Hypothetical ancestral snail w...Figure 8.8 The generalized mollusc and its relationship to the four principa...Figure 8.9 Gastropod pharynx. Sagittal section of the head of a prosobranch,...Figure 8.10 Structure of gastropod radulas. (a) Radula of the gastropod Vivi...Figure 8.11 Digestive system of the carnivorous marine snail Murex.Figure 8.12 Circulatory system and circulation pattern in a typical mollusc....Figure 8.13 Anatomy of the periwinkle Littorina littorea. (a) General anatom...Figure 8.14 Monopectinate ctenidia (gills). (a) Single gill filament; (b) wa...Figure 8.15 Heteropod respiration. (a) External anatomy of the atlantid hete...Figure 8.16 Heteropod respiration. (a) Anatomy of Carinaria mediterranea sho...Figure 8.17 Plicate gills. (a) Typical opisthobranch mantle cavity; (b) mant...Figure 8.18 Pneumodermatid (sea angels) respiratory structures. (a) Lateral ...Figure 8.19 Nudibranch respiration. (a) External anatomy (dorsal view) of th...Figure 8.20 Internal anatomy of the Phylliroid nudibranch Phylliroe sp. with...Figure 8.21 Kidney structure in the periwinkle Littorina littorea. (a) View ...Figure 8.22 Cross section through the mantle and shell of a bivalve. The per...Figure 8.23 Heteropod and pteropod shells. (a) Carinaria sp.; (b) Atlanta sp...Figure 8.24 Molluscan nervous system. (a) Nervous system pattern in a genera...Figure 8.25 Heterobranchia nervous system. (a) Anterior portion of the centr...Figure 8.26 Anterior portion of the CNS of the naked pteropod Pneumoderma....Figure 8.27 Sensory organs. (a) Neurosensory cells in the olfactory organ (o...Figure 8.28 Heteropod vision and equilibrium. (a) The heteropod PterotracheaFigure 8.29 Pteropod vision. (a) Section of a tentacle of Cavolina; (b) sect...Figure 8.30 Janthinid snails. (a) Two janthinid snails with bubble floats; (...Figure 8.31 Janthinid reproductive structures. (a) Oligopyrene spermatozoan ...Figure 8.32 Gastropod larvae. (a) Trochophore larva of the limpet Patella sp...Figure 8.33 The atlantid heteropod Oxygyrus inflatus with keeled shell.Figure 8.34 The carinariid heteropod Carinaria lamarcki.Figure 8.35 The pterotracheid heteropod Pterotrachea coronata. (a) Internal ...Figure 8.36 Ventral view of the anterior end of the pterotracheid heteropod Figure 8.37 Heteropod swimming behavior. (a) The pterotracheid heteropod Pte...Figure 8.38 Heteropod vertical distribution. (a) Day–night differences in de...Figure 8.39 Euthecosome pteropods. (a) Anatomy of the euthecosome pteropod C...Figure 8.40 Euthecosome pteropods. (a) Clio sp. with attached hydroids; (b) ...Figure 8.41 The Peraclidae. (a) The shell of Peracle; (b) external anatomy o...Figure 8.42 The Cymbuliidae. (a) Ventral view of Cymbulia with a lateral vie...Figure 8.43 The desmopterid pteropod Desmopterus papilio.Figure 8.44 The swimming cycle in limicinid pteropods showing both power and...Figure 8.45 Shell shapes of cavoliniod pteropods. (a) Cavolinia uncinata; (b...Figure 8.46 Pseudoconch shape and swimming in pseudothecosomes. (a) Pseudoco...Figure 8.47 Pteropod feeding methods. (a) Ciliary feeding in the creseid pte...Figure 8.48 Pteropod feeding webs. (a) Feeding web of Cavolinia uncinata; (b...Figure 8.49 Pteropod reproduction. Composite reproductive anatomy of the her...Figure 8.50 Pteropod reproduction. (a) The ovoviviporous pteropod Limacina i...Figure 8.51 Gymnosome pteropods. (a) External anatomy of Clione limacina; (b...Figure 8.52 The buccal mass of Pneumodermopsis macrochira.Figure 8.53 Gymnosome feeding. (a) Clione limacina feeding on a Limacina hel...Figure 8.54 Gymnosome swimming. (a) Anatomy of the ventral surface of Clione...Figure 8.55 Gymnosome reproduction. (a) Reproductive structures of Clione li...Figure 8.56 Gymnosome larval development. (a) Anatomy of the veliger of Paed...Figure 8.57 Superfamily Hydromyloidea. (a) Hydromyles globulosus; (b) Lagini...Figure 8.58 Aeolid nudibranchs. (a) Anatomy of the glaucid nudibranch Glaucu...Figure 8.59 Nudibranch reproduction. (a) Anatomy of the anterior genital mas...Figure 8.60 The fionid nudibranch Fiona pinnata.Figure 8.61 Fiona pinnata feeding on the gooseneck barnacle Lepas sp.Figure 8.62 The phylliroid nudibranchs. (a) Live specimen of Phylliroe sp. (...Figure 8.63 Feeding in the phylliroid nudibranchs. (a) Phylliroe bucephala w...Figure 8.64 Dorsal aspect of Phylliroe bucephalum showing the widely distrib...Figure 8.65 Reconstruction of the ancestral cephalopod Plectronoceras cambri...Figure 8.66 Cephalopod evolution and lineages.Figure 8.67 Reconstruction of an upper cretaceous belemnoid cephalopod.Figure 8.68 Classification scheme for the class Cephalopoda.Figure 8.69 Basic cephalopod anatomy. (a) Reorganization of the major axes o...Figure 8.70 External morphology of the squid Loligo. (a) Anterior view; (b) ...Figure 8.71 Anatomy of the nautilids. (a) External view of Nautilus sp. (b) ...Figure 8.72 The order Sepiida. (a) The cuttlefish Sepia (family Sepiidae); (...Figure 8.73 The order Spirulida. (a) The Ram's head squid Spirula spirula; (...Figure 8.74 The pigmy squid Idiosepius sp. showing the dorsal adhesive organ...Figure 8.75 Cephalopod tentacular structure. (a) Stalked tentacular sucker w...Figure 8.76 Sepiida anatomy. (a) Generalized internal anatomy of Sepia sp.; ...Figure 8.77 Internal anatomy of Octopus sp.Figure 8.78 Representatives of the orders and suborders of the Octopodiforme...Figure 8.79 The paper nautilus Argonauta. (a) Lateral view of a female Argon...Figure 8.80 Familial differences in cephalopod digestive systems. Thin arrow...Figure 8.81 Cephalopod circulation. (a) Lateral view of the basic arterial c...Figure 8.82 Cephalopod respiration. Respiratory system of the cuttlefish Sep...Figure 8.83 Countercurrent exchange in cephalopod respiration. (a) General p...Figure 8.84 Cephalopod excretory systems. (a) Internal anatomy of the cuttle...Figure 8.85 Cephalopod excretion. (a) Renal sac structure in the cuttlefish Figure 8.86 Cephalopod nervous systems. (a) Superior view of the brain of Oc...Figure 8.87 Cephalopod rapid escape response. (a) Arrangement of circular an...Figure 8.88 Cephalopod mechanoreception. (a) Stylized “octopod” statocyst; (...Figure 8.89 Gravity detection in cephalopods: polarized hair cells. The rela...Figure 8.90 Cross section of a stylized octopod crista with attached cupula ...Figure 8.91 The pinhole eye of Nautilus. (a) Diagram of the basic pinhole ty...Figure 8.92 Cephalopod vision. (a) The eye of Octopus; (b) teleost fish eye ...Figure 8.93 Cephalopod vision. (a) The converse retina of Octopus; (b) the i...Figure 8.94 Dermal chromatophores. Contraction of muscle bands causes expans...Figure 8.95 Cephalopod bioluminescence. Photophore positions (black areas or...Figure 8.96 Schematic lateral view of a squid showing the relative positions...Figure 8.97 Buoyancy control in Nautilus. (a) Section of Nautilus showing th...Figure 8.98 Buoyancy control in Spirula. (a) Lateral view of the internal st...Figure 8.99 Diagrammatic longitudinal section through the cuttlebone of an a...Figure 8.100 Life history models. (a) Alternating generation model: young of...Figure 8.101 Life cycle of Illex illecebrosus. Larger solid arrows show nort...Figure 8.102 Cephalopod reproductive systems. (a) Female reproductive system...Figure 8.103 Distribution as a function of depth and habitat for cephalopod ...
9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 The lancelet, Amphioxus species.Figure 9.2 Solitary and colonial ascidians. (a) The solitary ascidian Ciona ...Figure 9.3 Thaliaceans: pyrosomes, doliolids, and salps. (a) Colonial thalia...Figure 9.4 A phylogeny of Metazoa.Figure 9.5 Diagrammatic lateral view (a) and cross section (b) of a tunicate...Figure 9.6 Ascidian larvae and metamorphosis. (a) An ascidian tadpole larva....Figure 9.7 Pyrosomes. (a) A colony of Pyrosoma atlanticum; (b) longitudinal ...Figure 9.8 Developmental stages of Pyrosoma atlanticum. (a) Early embryo and...Figure 9.9 Illustrations of the two distinct morphs of salps. (a) Solitary f...Figure 9.10 Patterns of arrangement of aggregate salps. Representative gener...Figure 9.11 The two morphs of the salp Soestia zonaria. (a) Solitary form; (...Figure 9.12 Morphology of salps. (a) Morphology of an oozooid (solitary zooi...Figure 9.13 Three basic stages in the salp life cycle: (i) solitary asexual ...Figure 9.14 Salp reproduction. (a) Lateral view of a solitary embryo (oozooi...Figure 9.15 The developed oozooid of Salpa thompsonii.Figure 9.16 Doliolid anatomy. (a) Basic anatomy of a young oozooid of Doliol...Figure 9.17 Doliolid development: “nurse” stage. (a) “Early nurse” stage wit...Figure 9.18 Doliolid zooid morphology. (a) A gastrozooid of Dolioletta gegen...Figure 9.19 Doliolid larval development. (a) Early larva of Doliolum denticu...Figure 9.20 Doliolid life cycle. Larvae develop into a non‐feeding oozooid (...Figure 9.21 Appendicularian anatomy. (a–c) are comparisons among the three f...Figure 9.22 Appendicularian anatomy. Anatomy of Fritillaria pellucida: (a) l...Figure 9.23 Appendicularian life cycle.Figure 9.24 Appendicularian house production. Diagrammatic lateral view of t...Figure 9.25 Appendicularian house building cycle. After abandoning an old ho...Figure 9.26 Water circulation through an oikopleurid house.Figure 9.27 Feeding filter dynamic. (a) Lateral view into the sinus at the o...Figure 9.28 Pyrosomes. Photos from life of a pyrosome in natural light (uppe...Figure 9.29 Illustrations of the structural differences between the blastozo...Figure 9.30 Pyrosome nervous system. (a) Nervous system in the mouth region ...Figure 9.31 The nervous system of thaliaceans. (a) Nervous system of the ooz...Figure 9.32 The nervous system and eye of thaliaceans. (a) The nervous syste...Figure 9.33 The Langerhans receptor of Oikopleura. (a) Stereogram showing th...Figure 9.34 Thaliacian circulatory systems. (a) Blood flow in Thalia democra...Figure 9.35 Impact of appendicularians on oceanic food webs and their involv...Figure 9.36 Oikopleurid appendicularian illustrating the location of inclusi...
10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Internal anatomy of the cephalochordate Branchiostoma.Figure 10.2 Taxonomic concepts and teleostean phylogeny. (a) Taxonomic conce...Figure 10.3 Fish evolution and ocean paleohistory. Stars indicate the five g...Figure 10.4 Ancestral fish groups. (a) Class Conodonta; (b) superclass Osteo...Figure 10.5 A proposed chordate phylogeny (gray) with fossil presence (strat...Figure 10.6 Phylogenetic relationships among Actinopterygian fishes. Daggers...Figure 10.7 Examples from fossil groups that are possible stem ancestors of ...Figure 10.8 Ancestral and modern sharks. (a) The ancestral shark Hybodus sp....Figure 10.9 Holocephali (chimaeras). (a) Restoration of the ancestral holoce...Figure 10.10 Agnatha (hagfishes). (a) Lateral view of a stylized modern hagf...Figure 10.11 Lamprey anatomy. (a) Lateral view of the European river lamprey...Figure 10.12 Lamprey life cycle. Segments of the pie chart represent the dif...Figure 10.13 Shark skeletal structure.Figure 10.14 The Batoidea. (a) The guitarfish Rhinbatos lentiginosus; (b) th...Figure 10.15 Filter‐feeding sharks and rays. (a) The manta ray Mobula hypost...Figure 10.16 The Holocephali (chimaeras). (a) Short‐nose chimaera Hydrolagus...Figure 10.17 Hydrolagus colliei. (a) Anterior view of H. colliei. Arrows sho...Figure 10.18 Coelacanths. (a) Adult male coelacanth Latimeria chalumnae; (b)...Figure 10.19 Leptocephalus larva of an ophichthid eel.Figure 10.20 The elopomorphs. (a) The tarpon Megalops atlanticus; (b) the bo...Figure 10.21 The Anguilliformes and Sachopharyngiformes. (a) The snipe eel N...Figure 10.22 Highly productive regions associated with either upwelling or r...Figure 10.23 Opisthoproctidae. (a) Dorsal view of the spookfish Dolichoptery...Figure 10.24 The alepocephalid Photostylus pycnopterus.Figure 10.25 Bathylagids. (a) The silvery‐colored, upper‐mesopelagic bathyla...Figure 10.26 The platytroctid Holtbyrnia sp. showing the tube that gives the...Figure 10.27 A comparison of biological characteristics between three specie...Figure 10.28 Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head (bottom) of the lar...Figure 10.29 Combinations of co‐dominant species of Cyclothone from the Paci...Figure 10.30 The phosichthyid Vinciguerria poweriae: whole body (top) and cl...Figure 10.31 The sternoptychid Valenciennellus tripunctulatus. Note the well...Figure 10.32 Sternoptychidae: examples of the three genera of hatchetfishes....Figure 10.33 Astronesthinae. (a) Lateral view (left) and close‐up of the hea...Figure 10.34 Chauliodontinae. (a) Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the hea...Figure 10.35 Idiacanthinae. Lateral view of the whole body (upper) and a clo...Figure 10.36 Melanostomiinae. (a) Lateral view (upper) and close‐up of the h...Figure 10.37 Malacosteinae. (a) Lateral view (left) and close‐up of the head...Figure 10.38 Stomiinae. (a) The stomiid Stomias boa ferox; (b) day‐night dis...Figure 10.39 The alepisaurid Alepisaurus ferox.Figure 10.40 Evermanellidae. (a) Close‐up of the head of Odonostomops normal...Figure 10.41 Giganturidae. (a) Adult Gigantura chuni. (b) Close‐up of the he...Figure 10.42 Notosudidae. (a) The notosudid Scopelosaurus smithi; (b) close‐...Figure 10.43 The omosudid Omosudis lowei.Figure 10.44 Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head of the paralepidid Figure 10.45 Scopelarchidae. Lateral view (top) and close‐up of the head of Figure 10.46 Neoscopelidae. External characteristics of shallow and deep liv...Figure 10.47 Names of individual photophores and photophore groups in the My...Figure 10.48 Two species of myctophids in the subfamily Diaphinae. (a) Later...Figure 10.49 A comparison of external characteristics of three species from ...Figure 10.50 Two species of myctophids from the subfamily Myctophinae. (a) C...Figure 10.51 Diel vertical profiles of four dominant myctophid species in th...Figure 10.52 A comparison of growth rates for two cold‐temperate species, th...Figure 10.53 The Lampriformes. (a) the oarfish, Regalecus glesne; (b) the op...Figure 10.54 The Stylephoriformes. (a) The tube‐eye (or thread‐tail), Stylep...Figure 10.55 The Gadiformes. (a) a codlet, Bregmaceros sp. The first dorsal ...Figure 10.56 The melamphaid Melamphaes suborbitalis.Figure 10.57 Four radically different life stages displayed by the Cetomimid...Figure 10.58 Adult (a) and juvenile (b) Anoplogaster cornuta. Note the diffe...Figure 10.59 The Gempylidae (snake mackerels). (a) The oilfish Ruvettus pret...Figure 10.60 The trichiurid (cutlassfish) Trichiurus lepturus.Figure 10.61 The classification system for the Scombridae showing the four‐t...Figure 10.62 Classification system for the suborder Xiphioidei (the billfish...Figure 10.63 The Beloniformes. (a) The hemiramphid Hyporamphus unifasciatus ...Figure 10.64 Gigantactinidae. (a) Adult female Gigantactis gargantuai with l...Figure 10.65 Linophrynidae. (a) Adult female Linophryne sp. with attached ma...Figure 10.66 Melanocetidae. (a) Adult female Melanocetus murrayi; (b) free‐l...Figure 10.67 Anglerfish life history: metamorphosis. (a) Female Melanocetus ...Figure 10.68 Frontal and side views of the Ocean Sunfish Mola Mola.Figure 10.69 Two species of liparids, (a) Careproctus trachysoma and (b) Cry...Figure 10.70 Carangidae (jacks). (a) Decapterus macarellus, the mackerel sca...Figure 10.71 Caristiidae (manefish). The manefish Caristius macropus.Figure 10.72 Coryphaenidae (dolphinfish or mahi mahi). The dolphinfish Coryp...Figure 10.73 Zoarcidae. (a) The eelpout Melanostigma pammelas; (b) close‐up ...Figure 10.74 Chiasmodontidae. (a) Chiasmodon niger, the black swallower. Not...Figure 10.75 External anatomy and morphometrics. (a) A stylized teleost show...Figure 10.76 The cartilaginous skeletal elements of a shark.Figure 10.77 The teleost skeleton. (a) The bones of the skull; (b) the axial...Figure 10.78 Dead‐end and crossflow filtration. (a) Dead‐end filtration with...Figure 10.79 Pharyngeal jaws and teeth. (a) Schematic lateral view of the he...Figure 10.80 Digestive systems. (a) Internal anatomy of a shark (spiny dogfi...Figure 10.81 Intestine anatomy. (a) Three‐dimensional representation of the ...Figure 10.82 Circulatory system. (a) Schematic diagram of the circulatory sy...Figure 10.83 Elasmobranch and teleost heart structure. (a) Elasmobranch hear...Figure 10.84 Schematic diagram of the vertebrate vascular system showing the...Figure 10.85 Block diagram of the teleost primary and secondary circulations...Figure 10.86 Teleost gill structure. (a) Arrangement of gill filaments with ...Figure 10.87 Gill structure in elasmobranch and teleost fishes. (A) Horizont...Figure 10.88 Diagram of a cross section through four filaments of the gill o...Figure 10.89 The structure of heme (porphyrin ring plus a ferrous iron), of ...Figure 10.90 Oxygen equilibrium curves for myoglobin and hemoglobin.Figure 10.91 The Bohr and Root Effects. Bohr Effect: shifts in the oxygen eq...Figure 10.92 A comparison of the Bohr and Haldane Effects. (a) Bohr Effect: ...Figure 10.93 The swimbladder. (a) Position of the swimbladder and rete mirab...Figure 10.94 Skin and scales. (a) Section through the skin of a teleost show...Figure 10.95 Salt balance in a marine teleost showing influx through the mou...Figure 10.96 (a) Schematic representation of a chloride cell from the opercu...Figure 10.97 Form and function in the five basic types of swimming in fishes...Figure 10.98 Fish musculature form and function. (a) Diagram showing how a b...Figure 10.99 The scombrid great lateral tendon. (a) The caudal tendons of a ...Figure 10.100 Schematic comparison between slow (red) fiber and fast (white)...Figure 10.101 Relation between power requirements for swimming and swim spee...Figure 10.102 Thermoregulation in the bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus). (a) Re...Figure 10.103 Water content as a function of minimum depth of occurrence in ...Figure 10.104 Nervous system. (a) Diagram of a motor neuron showing its four...Figure 10.105 Comparison of teleost and elasmobranch brain anatomy. (a) Dors...Figure 10.106 Spinal cord and spinal nerves. (a) Diagram of a typical spinal...Figure 10.107 The choroid rete. (a) Section through the eye of a teleost sho...Figure 10.108 Diagram of a light‐adapted (left) and a dark‐adapted (right) r...Figure 10.109 Tubular eyes and retinal adaptations. (a) Diagram of the outli...Figure 10.110 Mechanoreception. (a) Neuromast hair cell on the left showing ...Figure 10.111 Mechanoreception. (a) Lateral‐line organs and canals on the he...Figure 10.112 Mechanoreception: hearing. (a) Diagram of the inner ear of a t...Figure 10.113 Electroreception. (a) Diagram of the distribution of ampullae ...Figure 10.114 Chemoreception. (a) Diagram of the nares of a typical teleost;...Figure 10.115 Photophore structure. (a) Cyclothone sp. and its simple cup‐sh...Figure 10.116 Photophores. (a) Close‐up of the head of Pachystomias microdonFigure 10.117 Luminous organs. The ventral light‐guide system in Opisthoproc...
11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 The mesopelagic ecoregions of the world's oceans. Key to small e...Figure 11.2 The Gulf of Mexico. (a) Profiles of dissolved oxygen (solid line...Figure 11.3 Chart of the NE Pacific showing (a) the seasonal circulation in ...Figure 11.4 Trawling and hydrography studies off the coast of central Oregon...Figure 11.5 Dissolved oxygen (μmol kg−1) profiles (solid lines) along ...Figure 11.6 Maximum and minimum ice distribution in the Antarctic in 1974. T...Figure 11.7 Map of Antarctica and the surrounding Southern Ocean. The Antarc...Figure 11.8 Schematic cross section of the water column of the Southern Ocea...Figure 11.9 Schematic model of conditions necessary for ice edge phytoplankt...Figure 11.10 Station locations and hydrographic profiles for the AMERIEZ ice...
12 Chapter 12Figure 12.1 Average partitioning of dietary energy for a carnivorous fish. A...Figure 12.2 Respiration vs. depth in crustaceans from the Antarctic, Califor...Figure 12.3 Oxygen consumption rate of Euphausia superba as a function seaso...Figure 12.4 Oxygen consumption as a function of minimum depth of occurrence ...Figure 12.5 The influence of temperature on oxygen consumption vs depth.
