Читать книгу Autism and Reading Comprehension - Joseph Porter - Страница 9
ОглавлениеGet the free print PDF of the rabbit photo and this page at http://fhautism.com/arc.html.
Materials:
Worksheet 3 (Variation 1), pencils, and boxes of crayons for each child
Color Variation 1:
Brown Rabbit Yellow Basket
Before the Lesson:
At http://fhautism.com/arc.html, find Worksheet 3 (Variation 1). Print one for each student, plus a few extras. Write the date on the board.
Teaching the Lesson
1. Distribute the worksheets and pencils to your students. Say: “Write your name on your paper.” Make sure everyone writes his or her name. Then say: “Write the date. It is on the board.” Make sure everyone writes the date. Take the pencils from them.
2. Say: “(student’s name), please read the sentences at the top of the paper.” Ask several students to read. If no one can read the passage, read it yourself, or have an aide read it.
3. Say: “We want to color the picture. What two crayons do we need?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Then help them find the brown and yellow crayons. Take the crayon boxes from them.
4. Say: “We will color the rabbit brown and the basket yellow. What color do we color the rabbit?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
5. Say: “Color the rabbit.” Make sure they color only the rabbit. Repeat the words “brown rabbit” as often as possible.
6. Say: “What color do we color the basket? Let’s look back at our story if we need a reminder.” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
7. Say: “Color the basket.” Make sure they color only the basket. Repeat the words “yellow basket” as often as possible. Then take the crayons.
8. Ask comprehension questions. Lead students to answer orally, in a complete sentence. For each question, if the student answers incorrectly, guide him or her to read the text again. Questions: 1. What color is the rabbit? 2. What color is the basket? 3. Where is the rabbit? 4. What is the rabbit eating? Answers: 1. The rabbit is brown. 2. The basket is yellow. 3. The rabbit is in the basket. 4. The rabbit is eating a carrot.
9. Ask the questions again in random order. Give each student a chance to answer correctly, in complete sentences.
10. Pass out pencils. Ask each comprehension question again. (See step 8 for questions and answers.) When a student answers correctly, write the sentence on the board. Say: “Copy the sentence onto your paper.” Do this for each question and answer. Take pencils from them.
Some students will not be able to copy the full sentence. If they write only the first letter, praise them for trying. Teach individualized lessons later to practice copying sentences from the board.
11. Pass out boxes of crayons. Say: “Choose one crayon.” Make sure they choose only one. Take boxes of crayons from them. Then say: “Color the carrot.” Make sure they color only the carrot. Take papers from them.
12. Give out reinforcers.
Materials:
Worksheet 3 (Variation 2), pencils, and boxes of crayons for each child
Color Variation 2:
Black Rabbit Pink Basket
Before the Lesson:
At http://fhautism.com/arc.html, find Worksheet 3 (Variation 2). Print one for each student, plus a few extras. Write the date on the board.
Teaching the Lesson
1. Distribute the worksheets and pencils to your students. Say: “Write your name on your paper.” Make sure everyone writes his or her name. Then say: “Write the date. It is on the board.” Make sure everyone writes the date. Take the pencils from them.
2. Say: “(student’s name), please read the sentences at the top of the paper.” Ask several students to read. If no one can read the passage, read it yourself, or have an aide read it.
3. Say: “We want to color the picture. What two crayons do we need?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Then help them find the black and pink crayons. Take the crayon boxes from them.
4. Say: “We will color the rabbit black and the basket pink. What color do we color the rabbit?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
5. Say: “Color the rabbit.” Make sure they color only the rabbit. Repeat the words “black rabbit” as often as possible.
6. Say: “What color do we color the basket? Let’s look back at our story if we need a reminder.” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
7. Say: “Color the basket.” Make sure they color only the basket. Repeat the words “pink basket” as often as possible. Then take the crayons.
8. Ask comprehension questions. Lead students to answer orally, in a complete sentence. For each question, if the student answers incorrectly, guide him or her to read the text again. Questions: 1. What color is the rabbit? 2. What color is the basket? 3. Where is the rabbit? 4. What is the rabbit eating? Answers: 1. The rabbit is black. 2. The basket is pink. 3. The rabbit is in the basket. 4. The rabbit is eating a carrot.
9. Ask the questions again in random order. Give each student a chance to answer correctly, in complete sentences.
10. Pass out pencils. Ask each comprehension question again. (See step 8 for questions and answers.) When a student answers correctly, write the sentence on the board. Say: “Copy the sentence onto your paper.” Do this for each question and answer. Take pencils from them.
Some students will not be able to copy the full sentence. If they write only the first letter, praise them for trying. Teach individualized lessons later to practice copying sentences from the board.
11. Pass out boxes of crayons. Say: “Choose one crayon.” Make sure they choose only one. Take boxes of crayons from them. Then say: “Color the carrot.” Make sure they color only the carrot. Take papers from them.
12. Give out reinforcers.
Materials:
Worksheet 3 (Variation 3), pencils, and boxes of crayons for each child
Color Variation 3:
Gray Rabbit Orange Basket
Before the Lesson:
At http://fhautism.com/arc.html, find Worksheet 3 (Variation 3). Print one for each student, plus a few extras. Write the date on the board.
Teaching the Lesson
1. Distribute the worksheets and pencils to your students. Say: “Write your name on your paper.” Make sure everyone writes his or her name. Then say: “Write the date. It is on the board.” Make sure everyone writes the date. Take the pencils from them.
2. Say: “(student’s name), please read the sentences at the top of the paper.” Ask several students to read. If no one can read the passage, read it yourself, or have an aide read it.
3. Say: “We want to color the picture. What two crayons do we need?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Then help them find the gray and orange crayons. Take the crayon boxes from them.
4. Say: “We will color the rabbit gray and the basket orange. What color do we color the rabbit?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
5. Say: “Color the rabbit.” Make sure they color only the rabbit. Repeat the words “gray rabbit” as often as possible.
6. Say: “What color do we color the basket? Let’s look back at our story if we need a reminder.” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
7. Say: “Color the basket.” Make sure they color only the basket. Repeat the words “orange basket” as often as possible. Then take the crayons.
8. Ask comprehension questions. Lead students to answer orally, in a complete sentence. For each question, if the student answers incorrectly, guide him or her to read the text again. Questions: 1. What color is the rabbit? 2. What color is the basket? 3. Where is the rabbit? 4. What is the rabbit eating? Answers: 1. The rabbit is gray. 2. The basket is orange. 3. The rabbit is in the basket. 4. The rabbit is eating a carrot.
9. Ask the questions again in random order. Give each student a chance to answer correctly, in complete sentences.
10. Pass out pencils. Ask each comprehension question again. (See step 8 for questions and answers.) When a student answers correctly, write the sentence on the board. Say: “Copy the sentence onto your paper.” Do this for each question and answer. Take pencils from them.
Some students will not be able to copy the full sentence. If they write only the first letter, praise them for trying. Teach individualized lessons later to practice copying sentences from the board.
11. Pass out boxes of crayons. Say: “Choose one crayon.” Make sure they choose only one. Take boxes of crayons from them. Then say: “Color the carrot.” Make sure they color only the carrot. Take papers from them.
12. Give out reinforcers.
Materials:
Worksheet 3 (Variation 4), pencils, and boxes of crayons for each child
Color Variation 4:
Pink Rabbit Blue Basket
Before the Lesson:
At http://fhautism.com/arc.html, find Worksheet 3 (Variation 4). Print one for each student, plus a few extras. Write the date on the board.
Teaching the Lesson
1. Distribute the worksheets and pencils to your students. Say: “Write your name on your paper.” Make sure everyone writes his or her name. Then say: “Write the date. It is on the board.” Make sure everyone writes the date. Take the pencils from them.
2. Say: “(student’s name), please read the sentences at the top of the paper.” Ask several students to read. If no one can read the passage, read it yourself, or have an aide read it.
3. Say: “We want to color the picture. What two crayons do we need?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Then help them find the pink and blue crayons. Take the crayon boxes from them.
4. Say: “We will color the rabbit pink and the basket blue. What color do we color the rabbit?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
5. Say: “Color the rabbit.” Make sure they color only the rabbit. Repeat the words “pink rabbit” as often as possible.
6. Say: “What color do we color the basket? Let’s look back at our story if we need a reminder.” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
7. Say: “Color the basket.” Make sure they color only the basket. Repeat the words “blue basket” as often as possible. Then take the crayons.
8. Ask comprehension questions. Lead students to answer orally, in a complete sentence. For each question, if the student answers incorrectly, guide him or her to read the text again. Questions: 1. What color is the rabbit? 2. What color is the basket? 3. Where is the rabbit? 4. What is the rabbit eating? Answers: 1. The rabbit is pink. 2. The basket is blue. 3. The rabbit is in the basket. 4. The rabbit is eating a carrot.
9. Ask the questions again in random order. Give each student a chance to answer correctly, in complete sentences.
10. Pass out pencils. Ask each comprehension question again. (See step 8 for questions and answers.) When a student answers correctly, write the sentence on the board. Say: “Copy the sentence onto your paper.” Do this for each question and answer. Take pencils from them.
Some students will not be able to copy the full sentence. If they write only the first letter, praise them for trying. Teach individualized lessons later to practice copying sentences from the board.
11. Pass out boxes of crayons. Say: “Choose one crayon.” Make sure they choose only one. Take boxes of crayons from them. Then say: “Color the carrot.” Make sure they color only the carrot. Take papers from them.
12. Give out reinforcers.
Materials:
photograph of rabbit, students’ circle-in-circle charts and branch organizers, lined paper, tape, three pieces of chart paper, dry-erase marker, watercolor marker
Before the Lesson:
1. At http://fhautism.com/arc.html, find the circle-in-circle chart, branch organizer, and lined paper. Print one of each for each student, plus a few extras.
2. On the chart paper, draw a blank circle-in-circle chart, branch organizer, and lined paper.
3. On the board, hang a blank circle-in-circle chart on the left and a branch organizer on the right. Make them large enough to write all the words you will need.
4. Write the date on the board.
Teaching the Lesson
1. Gather the children in a circle. Hold up the photograph of the rabbit. Ask: “What animal is this?” If no one can identify the animal, ask an aide to answer, or answer the question yourself.
2. When a student says, “rabbit,” write “rabbit” in the smaller, inner circle of the circle-in-circle chart. Write very legibly. Students will be copying these words later.
3. Ask: “What can the rabbit do?” If no one answers, prompt the students. Ask: “Can the rabbit fly?” If no one answers, ask an aide to answer, or answer the question yourself. Possible answers include hop, run, dig. Students may come up with different answers. Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Write the answers in the large circle. Leave space between the words.
4. Ask: “What does the rabbit have? If no one answers, prompt the students. Ask: “Does a rabbit have wings?” If no one answers, ask an aide to answer, or answer the question yourself. Possible answers include long ears, a nose, a tail. Students may come up with different answers. Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Write the answers in the large circle. Leave space between the words.
5. Ask: “What does the rabbit like? If no one answers, prompt the students with a guessing game. Say: “The rabbit likes to eat a vegetable. It is long and orange. We put it in salad.” Do this for the other two answers. If no one answers, ask an aide to answer, or answer the question yourself. Possible answers include carrots, leaves, lettuce. Students may come up with different answers. Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Write the answers in the large circle. Leave space between the words. NOTE: Guessing games may be stressful for some children. If students appear to be getting agitated or panicky, just tell them the answer. The lesson is more important than the game.
6. Praise students and pass out reinforcers.
7. The children return to their desks. Pass out pencils and blank graphic organizers. On each desk, tape the circle-in-circle chart on the left and the branch organizer on the right. (Always emphasize a left-to-right progression when teaching reading and writing.)
8. Say: “Write your name on your paper.” Make sure everyone writes his or her name. Then say: “Write the date. It is on the board.” Make sure everyone writes the date.
9. Say: “Copy the words from the circle-in-circle chart on the board onto your circle-in- circle chart.” They do not have to copy all of the words at first.
10. Say: “Now we will do the branch organizer.” On the branch organizer on the board, write “Rabbit” on the top line and “Can,” “Has,” and “Likes” on the three spaces under the top line. Say: “Copy the words onto your charts.”
11. Ask: “What can the rabbit do?” Point to the words on the circle-in-circle chart. Encourage students to look at their own chart. If no one answers, ask an aide to answer, or answer the question yourself. Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. If someone uses a nonsensical word, e.g., “carrots,” say the whole sentence. Say:
“The rabbit can carrots? Does that make sense? Let’s look back in the circle and find something the rabbit can do.”
12. Write students’ answers on the branch organizer on the board. For each answer, say: “Write (the answer) under the word ‘Can’ on your branch organizer.”
As you use words from the circle-in-circle chart, you may choose to cover up the words with a sticky note or leave them all showing.
13. For each word that students write, say the whole sentence, e.g., “The rabbit can hop.” As you say each word of the sentence, point to the corresponding word on the branch chart.
14. Ask: “What does the rabbit have?” Point to the words on the circle-in-circle chart. If no one answers, ask an aide to answer, or answer the question yourself. Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
If someone uses a nonsensical word, e.g., “hop,” say the whole sentence. Say: “The rabbit has hop? Does that make sense? Let’s look back in the circle and find something the rabbit has.”
15. Write students’ answers on the branch organizer on the board. For each answer, say: “Write (the answer) under the word ‘Has’ on your branch organizer.”
16. For each word that students write, say the whole sentence, e.g., “The rabbit has a tail.” As you say each word of the sentence, point to the corresponding word on the branch chart.
17. Ask: “What does the rabbit like?” Point to the words on the circle-in-circle chart. If no one answers, ask an aide to answer, or answer the question yourself. Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
If someone uses a nonsensical word, e.g., “tail,” say the whole sentence. Say: “The rabbit likes tail? Does that make sense? Let’s look back in the circle and find something the rabbit likes.”
18. Write students’ answers on the branch organizer on the board. For each answer, say: “Write (the answer) under the word ‘Likes’ on your branch organizer.”
19. For each word that students write, say the whole sentence, e.g., “The rabbit likes carrots.” As you say each word of the sentence, point to the corresponding word on the branch chart.
20. Praise students, pass out reinforcers, and take a short break.
21. Draw a large version of the lined paper on your chart paper, using the watercolor marker. Tape the chart paper to the board. Pass out the lined paper. Tape one to each desk, next to the branch organizer. It’s important that all three graphic organizers stay in front of students for the sentence-building phase.
22. Say: “It’s time to make a sentence. Let’s make a sentence from the first column of the branch organizer, using the word ‘Can.’” (Example sentence: The rabbit can hop.) Point to the words on the branch chart on the board as you slowly say them, forming the sentence. Show the students the relationship between the words on the chart and a spoken sentence. This will help them read the chart and form the sentences themselves.
23. Write the sentence on your “lined paper” on the board.
24. Say: “ Copy the sentence on the first line of your paper.”
25. Say: “ Let’s make a sentence from the second column of the branch organizer, using the word ‘Has.’” (Example sentence: The rabbit has a tail.) Point to the words on the branch chart on the board as you slowly say them, forming the sentence.
26. Write the sentence on your “lined paper” on the board.
27. Say: “Copy the sentence on the second line of your paper.” Make sure they write on the lines and not in the blank space above. This is for the illustration.
28. Say: “ Let’s make a sentence from the third column of the branch organizer, using the word ‘Likes.’” (Example sentence: The rabbit likes carrots.) Point to the words on the branch chart on the board as you slowly say them, forming the sentence.
29. Write the sentence on your “lined paper” on the board.
30. Say: “Copy the sentence on the third line of your paper.”
When students become familiar with this process, they may choose any of the three words to make a sentence.
31. Say: “Now we will read our sentences aloud.” Group students in pairs to read to each other, or let each child read aloud to you, an aide, or the whole class.
32. Praise students and pass out reinforcers.
33. Say: “Now we will draw a picture to go with our sentences.” Lead students to read the first sentence and then draw a picture of it. Do this for each sentence, one sentence at a time at first. Monitor the drawings and try to limit them to drawing only one rabbit. If a higher-functioning child is drawing three rabbits, clearly intending one rabbit for each sentence, without exhibiting difficulties, then that is okay. Later in the program, they may be able to remember two or three details at once and incorporate them all into one rabbit picture.
The illustration must reflect the information in the sentence. If you see an illustration of a rabbit missing a tail or not eating a carrot, ask the student to read the corresponding sentence again. Then show the student what’s missing. (“Your sentence says, ‘The rabbit has a tail.’ Your picture of the rabbit does not have a tail. Draw a tail on the rabbit.”)
34. Collect papers and pencils, praise students, and pass out reinforcers.
Materials:
Worksheet 4 (Variation 1), pencils, and boxes of crayons for each child
Color Variation 1:
Brown Rabbit Yellow Bowl
Before the Lesson:
At http://fhautism.com/arc.html, find Worksheet 4 (Variation 1). Print one for each student, plus a few extras. Write the date on the board.
Teaching the Lesson
1. Distribute the worksheets and pencils to your students. Say: “Write your name on your paper.” Make sure everyone writes his or her name. Then say: “Write the date. It is on the board.” Make sure everyone writes the date. Take the pencils from them.
2. Say: “(student’s name), please read the sentences at the top of the paper.” Ask several students to read. If no one can read the passage, read it yourself, or have an aide read it.
3. Say: “We want to color the picture. What two crayons do we need?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Then help them find the brown and yellow crayons. Take the crayon boxes from them.
4. Say: “We will color the rabbit brown and the bowl yellow. What color do we color the rabbit?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
5. Say: “Color the rabbit.” Make sure they color only the rabbit. Repeat the words “brown rabbit” as often as possible.
6. Say: “What color do we color the bowl? Let’s look back at our story if we need a reminder.” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
7. Say: “Color the bowl.” Make sure they color only the bowl. Repeat the words “yellow bowl” as often as possible. Then take the crayons.
8. Ask comprehension questions. Lead students to answer orally, in a complete sentence. For each question, if the student answers incorrectly, guide him or her to read the text again. Questions: 1. What color is the rabbit? 2. What is the rabbit eating? 3. Where is the lettuce? 4. What color is the bowl? Answers: 1. The rabbit is brown. 2. The rabbit is eating lettuce. 3. The lettuce is in the bowl. 4. The bowl is yellow.
9. Ask the questions again in random order. Give each student a chance to answer correctly, in complete sentences.
10. Pass out pencils. Ask each comprehension question again. (See step 8 for questions and answers.) When a student answers correctly, write the sentence on the board. Say: “Copy the sentence onto your paper.” Do this for each question and answer. Take pencils from them.
11. Pass out boxes of crayons. Say: “Choose one crayon.” Make sure they choose only one. Take boxes of crayons from them. Then say: “Color the flowers.” Make sure they color only the flowers. Take papers from them.
12. Give out reinforcers.
Materials:
Worksheet 4 (Variation 2), pencils, and boxes of crayons for each child
Color Variation 2:
Pink Rabbit Blue Bowl
Before the Lesson:
At http://fhautism.com/arc.html, find Worksheet 4 (Variation 2). Print one for each student, plus a few extras. Write the date on the board.
Teaching the Lesson
1. Distribute the worksheets and pencils to your students. Say: “Write your name on your paper.” Make sure everyone writes his or her name. Then say: “Write the date. It is on the board.” Make sure everyone writes the date. Take the pencils from them.
2. Say: “(student’s name), please read the sentences at the top of the paper.” Ask several students to read. If no one can read the passage, read it yourself, or have an aide read it.
3. Say: “We want to color the picture. What two crayons do we need?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer. Then help them find the pink and blue crayons. Take the crayon boxes from them.
4. Say: “We will color the rabbit pink and the bowl blue. What color do we color the rabbit?” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
5. Say: “Color the rabbit.” Make sure they color only the rabbit. Repeat the words “pink rabbit” as often as possible.
6. Say: “What color do we color the bowl? Let’s look back at our story if we need a reminder.” Ask the question several times, and allow different children to answer.
7. Say: “Color the bowl.” Make sure they color only the bowl. Repeat the words “blue bowl” as often as possible. Then take the crayons.
