Читать книгу Psychology Of Happiness - Juan Moisés De La Serna, Dr. Juan Moisés De La Serna, Paul Valent - Страница 8

In this section, the different variables and elements that facilitate the state of happiness will be explained, knowing that there are many associated benefits both for the mood and for social relationships.

Before that, we must clarify that happiness is an abstract concept. It has become something that people are continually searching for, a goal for today´s society. But unlike what we may think, there is neither a single definition nor a clear way to achieve a state of happiness.

This means that there are many unanswered questions on the matter, like how it is produced, how it is maintained and if the state can be recovered when it is lost?

That is why constant research is carried out in an attempt to verify which variables have an influence in the state of happiness, or otherwise expressed, which are the elements that determine the greatest happiness?

The research carried out by the University of Western Carolina in the US tried to give an answer to that question. The results were published in a scientific journal named Europe’s Journal of Psychology.

One hundred nine adults between 19 and 61 years of age participated in the study. Sixty-six were women. The survey was done through the Internet, and the ones polled received money for their participation.

All of them answered to three standardized questionnaires. One on the affective style called Affective Style Questionnaire, another one on the humor style called the Humor Style Questionnaire and the last one, the Subjective Happiness Scale, evaluated the participant’s level of happiness.

The affective style gives an account of how the person relates emotionally with others, either with trust or distrust, in a generous or sullen way…

The humor style is related to how the person “undertakes life”, with humor, seriousness, or seeing everything through a dark lens…

The subjective happiness scale is the measurement one gives to the feeling of happiness in one’s life.

The results indicate a relationship between the affective style and the humor style, and a positive relationship between the above two with the subjective level of happiness.

Therefore, cultivating any of these elements, the affective style or the humor style is enough to increase positively the subjective happiness level that participants and people in general have.

These results, on the other hand, are foreseeable, having in mind that in individual cases the positive relationship between the humor style and happiness had already been observed. This means that if a person is happy and funny, it will be easier for him or her and others to show a better state in general, which becomes happiness.

As indicated so far, happiness is a construct related to many external and internal variables. But to what extent does it depend on a person’s self-esteem level?

It has to be considered that self-esteem is also a construct that is shaped gradually from infancy, through positive and negative experiences. It indicates how we see ourselves, that is, our self-reflection, regardless of internal and external reality.

People with high self-esteem believe themselves as capable of achieving the goals they set. They are constant and fight for what they want. When they find inconveniences, they consider them as “trials” or “teachings” in life that have to be accepted and then move forward.

People with low self-esteem feel inferior to others, unable to do the same things as the rest and even unable to seek and achieve their own goals, showing great dependence on the opinions other people have about them. They have little tolerance to frustration. Even the smallest “bump in the road” becomes an insuperable slab, which only reinforces the idea of uselessness.

Although these are extreme examples, everybody has a better or worse self-esteem. Depending on that, we relate in one way or another with other people, weather it is at work or in our personal life.

Even though self-esteem conforms to experience, it can change over time. We can have a positive or defeatist attitude toward the same event, feeling that we have a “winning streak” or a “bad streak”. But, is self-esteem directly related to happiness?

This is what a research made from the Office for the Student with Disability and the Center for Student Counseling in the University of Nagoya tried to find out. The research was done together with the Center of Experimental Investigation in Social Sciences, the Department of Behavioral Sciences and the School of Literature Graduates of the University of Hokkaido (Japan). The results were published by a scientific journal named Frontiers in Psychology.

Five hundred thirty-seven youngsters participated in the study. One hundred and seventy-six were young women.

64% were freshmen students while the rest belonged to the universities’ sophomore year.

All of them were given a series of standardized questionnaires, Life Scale and the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, to assess both happiness and self-esteem and to verify whether there are correlations between the two.

The results indicate that the relationship between happiness and self-esteem varies depending on the circumstances that the person has to go through, thus, when facing a situation of uncertainty and change, such as entering in an education center where everything is new: subjects, teachers, classmates, the center itself… Happiness has a very strong relationship with self-esteem, that is, people who have high self-esteem feel happier than those who have low self-esteem.

But that relationship weakens when people find themselves in a stable environment, for example sophomore-year students, who already know the environment in which they perform. Despite small changes such as changes in subjects or in some teachers, the remaining conditions stay the same, causing other variables to acquire greater prominence in happiness. That is, now, in a stable environment, a person with high self-esteem does not necessarily have to be the happiest.

Although the results are clear regarding the relationship between happiness and self-esteem, the research was developed in a very specific area, in the academic world, and in a particular stage of the self-esteem formation such as the student period. Therefore, in order to establish the mentioned relationship, new analysis must be carried out in other environments, and at different ages, as it may be something characteristic only of young people.

As one can observe in this analysis, research on happiness can be done in a specific environment with a specific population, such as that of young people or students. But happiness can also be analyzed at a more global level.