Читать книгу The New Gender Paradox - Judith Lorber - Страница 12

Gender structures nation-states into gender regimes. Just as organizations are not aggregates of gendered practices but have a logic of their own, gender regimes are not aggregations of gendered organizations. Gender regimes stratify women and men across organizations, so that they are valued more or less over a matrix of statuses that determine their access to power, prestige, and economic resources (Collins 2000; Yuval-Davis 1997). Commonly, gender intertwines with racial, ethnic, and class stratification, so that gender is only one aspect of an intersectional complex of inequality (Acker 2006; Collins 2019; Crenshaw 1989; McCall 2001).

Many gender regimes privilege one group of men. In Masculinities, Connell (1995) contrasted hegemonic men and subordinated men. Hegemonic men have economic and educational advantages and institutionalized patriarchal privileges, and their characteristics are the most valued attributes of masculinity. Subordinated men are not necessarily devalued, but they have fewer opportunities for advancement and little of the power, prestige, and wealth of hegemonic men. Connell describes how the values of western hegemonic masculinity are produced through college education, where young men are trained to be rational and technically expert, and reproduced in professional and managerial careers in hierarchically organized workplaces, where hegemonic men expect eventually to have positions of authority over other men. Which men are hegemonic and which subordinated shifts with changing historical conditions but, according to Connell, the hegemony of white European masculinity over the past 500 years has spread globally through colonization, economic control, and state violence (Connell 1993, 1998, 2005).