1 1.1 Arguments, premises, and conclusions 2 1.2 Deduction 3 1.3 Induction 4 1.4 Validity and soundness 5 1.5 Invalidity 6 1.6 Consistency 7 1.7 Fallacies 8 1.8 Refutation 9 1.9 Axioms 10 1.10 Definitions 11 1.11 Certainty and probability 12 1.12 Tautologies, self‐contradictions, and the law of non‐contradiction
1 1.1 Arguments, premises, and conclusions
2 1.2 Deduction
3 1.3 Induction
4 1.4 Validity and soundness
5 1.5 Invalidity
6 1.6 Consistency
7 1.7 Fallacies
8 1.8 Refutation
9 1.9 Axioms
10 1.10 Definitions
11 1.11 Certainty and probability
12 1.12 Tautologies, self‐contradictions, and the law of non‐contradiction
