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GAP implementation and the achievement of gender equality results directly contributed to the achievement of overall loan objectives in each project. In CRUEIP, GAP implementation also increased the effectiveness of the project and is likely to increase returns on the loan investment and the sustainability of outcomes in the long term. In those provinces where the GAP was well implemented, overall project progress was much better, because GAP software activities enhanced community ownership of sanitation investments, contributed to changed attitudes and behavior on waste disposal, increased understanding of the links between environmental and household sanitation and good health, and facilitated community inputs into large sanitation infrastructure works. Some communities voluntarily increased their contributions to infrastructure construction to enhance its sustainability. Provincial project management units and the people’s committees valued and supported the work of the VWU and the GAP implementation, because they could see how it contributed to the overall effectiveness of the project, and because it helped them achieve the sanitation standards required for city status.

The HICH project’s gender and ethnic minorities action plan (GEMAP) directly contributed to the overall project objective of improved health status of the poor by addressing a range of constraints on ethnic minority women accessing health services; by targeting information, education, and communication materials to women; and by improving the capacity of health care providers to respond to women’s and children’s needs. It also helped to implement government policy in relation to better access to services for women and ethnic minorities.

USEDP aimed to improve access, quality, and equity in upper secondary education. USEDP targeted a key barrier to girls’ access to education—the physical proximity to school and the availability of boarding rooms. This resulted in increased girls’ enrollments in the most disadvantaged provinces.