Читать книгу The Teaching and Cultivation of the French Language in England during Tudor and Stuart Times - K. Rebillon Lambley - Страница 38
FOOTNOTES:
Оглавление[75] Freeman, Norman Conquest, ii., 1868, pp. 16 sqq., 28 sqq.
[76] Manière de Langage, 1396; cp. infra, p. 35.
[77] "Doulz françois qu'est la plus bel et la plus gracious language et plus noble parler, apres latin d'escole, qui soit au monde."
[78] Jehan Barton, Donait François, c. 1400.
[79] "Afin qu'ils puissent entrecomuner bonement ove lour voisin c'est a dire les bones gens du roiaume de France, et ainsi pour ce que les leys d'Engleterre pour le graigneur partie et ainsi beaucoup de bones choses sont misez en François, et aussi bien pres touz les sirs et toutes les dames en mesme roiaume d'Engleterre volentiers s'entrescrivent en romance—tresnecessaire je cuide estre aus Englois de scavoir la nature de François."
[80] Which no doubt became more numerous, as English, rather than Latin, became the medium through which French was learnt. Thus we find pour honte written for 'for shame'; il est haut temps, for 'it is high time'; quoi ('why') for pourquoi; de les for des, and so on.
[81] Edited from a unique MS. in Trinity College, Cambridge, by W. Aldis Wright, for the Roxburghe Club, 1909 (Camb. Univ. Press). G. Hickes published part of the first chapter, with remarks on its philological value, in his Linguarum Veterum Septentrionalium Thesaurus Grammatico-Criticus et Archaeologicus, Oxford, 1705, i. pp. 144–151.
[82] "Liber iste vocatur femina quia sicut femina docet infantem loqui maternam, sic docet iste liber iuvenes rethorice loqui Gallicum prout infra patebit."
[83] P. Meyer, Romania, xxxii. pp. 43 et seq.
[84] The English spelling, very corrupt in the original, is here modernized.
[85] These MSS. have been described and classified by J. Stürzinger, Altfranzösische Bibliothek, viii. pp. v-x.
[86] Brit. Mus. Harl. MS. 4971; Addit. MS. 11716, and Camb. Univ. Libr. MS. Ee 4, 20.
[87] Camb. Univ. Libr. MSS. Dd 12, 23. and Gg 6, 44.
[88] P. Meyer, Romania, xv. p. 262.
[89] Brit. Mus. Sloane MS. 513, pp. 135–138.
[90] Brit. Mus. Sloane MS. 513, fol. 139.
[91] There is a fragment, very indistinct, on French pronunciation in the Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 4971: Modus pronunciandi dictiones in Gallicis.
[92] Cp. also the Brit. Mus. Addit MS. 17716, fol. 100.
[93] Camb. Univ. Libr. MS., Ee 4, 20; Oxford, All Souls, MS. 182.
[94] Brit. Mus. MS. Harl. 4971; MS. Addit. 17716 (preceding the observations on pronouns and verbs mentioned above); Camb. Univ. Libr., Ee 4, 20; Oxford Magdalen College, MS. 188, and All Souls, MS. 182.
[95] Published by Stengel, op. cit. pp. 25–40, from MS. 182 of All Souls, Oxford.
[96] Brunot, op. cit. i. p. 376.
[97] "A le honneur de Dieu et de sa tresdoulce miere et toutz les saintez de paradis, je Johan Barton, escolier de Paris, née et nourie toutes foiez d'Engleterre en la conté de Cestre, j'ey baillé aus avantdiz Anglois un Donait françois pur les briefment entroduyr en la droit language du Paris et de pais la d'entour la quelle language en Engleterre on appelle doulce France. Et cest Donat je le fis la fair a mes despenses et tres grande peine par pluseurs bons clercs du language avantdite."
[98] Brunot, op. cit. i. p. 376.
[99] "Cy endroit il fault prendre garde qu'en parlant François on ne mette pas une personne pour une aultre si come font les sottez gens, disantz ainsi je ferra pour je ferray. … "
[100] We pass from the numbers of nouns to the person of verbs, then to the genders and kinds (proper, appellative) of nouns and their cases, six in number on the analogy of Latin, which is naturally the basis of the terminology of this work and all others for many years after; then come observations on the degrees of comparison, after which we return to the verbs, and their moods and tenses. The following sections deal with the parts of speech; the four indeclinables (adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections) are merely mentioned. Nouns, adjectives, and pronouns receive some attention, but the chief subject is the verb: "Cy maintenant nous vous baillerons un exemple coment vous fourmeres touz les verbs françois du monde, soient-ils actifez, soient-ils passivez, en quelque meuf ou temps qu'ils soient. Et ceste exemple serra pour cest verbe jeo aime. … " But the verbs are not classified, and only a few of the best known are conjugated as examples. In the list of impersonal verbs which closes the treatise, English is sometimes used to explain their meaning: "Me est avis, Me seemth."
[101] J. Bale, Illustrium Maioris Britanniae scriptorum summarium. Ipswich, 1548, p. 203.
[102] Dict. Nat. Biog., ad nom.
[103] Preserved in a considerable number of MSS.: Brit. Mus. (Harl. 3988, Addit. 17716), Oxford (All Souls, 182), Camb. Univ. Libr. (Bd 12, 23), and in Sir Thomas Philipps's Library at Cheltenham (MS. No. 8188). The earliest (Harl. 3988) was published by P. Meyer in the Revue Critique, 1873, pp. 373–408.
[104] The name of Kirmington, which occurs at the end, is no doubt that of the copyist.
[105] Athenaeum, Oct. 5, 1878: article by Stengel.
[106] Published by Stengel, op. cit. pp. 12–15.
[107] Stengel, Athenaeum, Oct. 5, 1878. Coyfurelly also rehandled the Tractatus Orthographiae of 'T. H., Student of Paris.'
[108] Ed. Paul Meyer, Romania, xxxii. pp. 49–58. It exists in three MSS.; at the end of Femina in Camb. Univ. Libr. (Dd 12, 23), at Trinity Col. Camb. (B 14. 39, 40), and in the Brit. Mus. (Addit. 17716).
[109] French, however, still had some standing at Oxford at this date.
[110] Preserved in Cambridge University Library.
[111] Containing such anglicisms as the rendering of 'already' by tout prest.
[112] Such collections exist in MSS. Harl. 4971 and Addit. 17716, Brit. Mus.; and in Ee 4, 20, Camb. Univ. Libr.
[113] Harl. 4971; cp. Stürzinger, op. cit. p. xvi.
[114] Early bibliographers seem to have been uncertain as to what category it belonged to: for some time it was called a Book for Travellers; then a Vocabulary in French and English (Blades, Life and Typography of Wm. Caxton, 1861–63), and finally by the more appropriate title of Dialogues in French and English.
[115] Caxton's edition contains ff. 24, with about 24 lines on a page. There are three complete texts extant (at Ripon Cathedral, Rylands Library, and Bamborough Castle), and one fragmentary one (in the Duke of Devonshire's Library). The Ripon copy was reprinted for the Early English Text Society in 1900, by H. Bradley (extra series lxxix.). The other edition, of which a fragment exists in the Bodleian, was probably printed by Wynkyn de Worde (W. C. Hazlitt, Handbook … to the Literature of Great Britain, 1867, p. 631).
[116] Published from a MS. in the Bibliothèque Nationale, by M. Michelant: Le Livre des Mestiers, dialogues français-flamands, composés au 14e siècle par un maître d'école de la ville de Bruges. Paris, 1875.
[117] H. Bradley: Introduction to the edition of Caxton's Dialogues.
[118] Caxton's arrangement of the French and English in opposite columns is no doubt accounted for by the fact that he wrote the English version by the side of the French in his copy of the original phrase book.
[119] E. G. Duff, A Century of the English Book Trade, Bibliographical Soc., 1905; and Handlists of Books Printed by London Printers, Bibliog. Soc., 1913, ad nom. The work is here given the inappropriate title of a "Vocabulary in French and English."
[120] It was to have been reprinted by H. B. Wheatley in a collection of early grammars, for the Early English Text Society.
[121] W. C. Hazlitt, Bibliographical Collections and Notes, 3rd series, London, 1887, p. 293.
[122] For instance, the Cato cum commento (1514), Stans puer ad mensam (1516), and Vulgaria Stanbrigi (c. 1520).
[123] "What shalt thou do when thou haste an englyssh to be made in Latine? I shall reherce myn englyssh fyrst, ones, twyces, and loke out my princypal verbe, and aske hym this questyon who or what. And that worde that answeryth to the questyon shall be the nomynatif case to the verbe."
[124] In the British Museum Catalogue Wynkyn's edition is dated 1493? and Pynson's 1500?; the year 1500? is also put forward as the date for the fragmentary edition. W. C. Hazlitt dates Wynkyn's edition at about the year 1498, and Pynson's at about 1492–3 (Bibliographical Collections, ut supra, and Handbook, London, 1867, p. 210).
My heres.
Mes cheveulx.
My browes.
Mez sourcieulx.
Myn eres.
Mez oreilles.
Myn teeth.
Mez dens.
My forhede.
Mon front.
Myn eyen.
Mez yeulx.
My nose.
Mon nez.
My tong.
Ma langue … etc.
[126] Published by E. J. Furnivall, Manners and Meals in Olden Time, 1868, pp. 16 sqq. The MS. used by the compiler of the French manual was no doubt of a later date than the one here printed.
[127] Pp. 19–20 in fine.
[128] It contains 11 quarto leaves, of the size of the time, with usually 29 lines to a page.
[129] Thus in Pynson's edition the order of the personal pronouns before the verb is often inverted ("le vous diray," "le vous rende"), while it is correct in Wynkyn's; and some lines of the French version of the courtesy book are almost unintelligible, whereas their meaning is clearly expressed by Wynkyn.
[130] Such phrases as "say me my friend" for dites-moi mon ami; "do me have a good chamber" for faites-moi avoir une bonne chambre.
[131] In addition to the works already mentioned, some reference to these mediaeval treatises is also found in an article by H. Oelsner, in the Athenaeum (Feb. 11, 1905); in A. Way's edition of the Promptorium Parvulorum (Camden Soc., 1865, No. 89; Appendix, pp. xxvii sqq. and pp. lxxi sqq.); Ellis, Original Letters, 3rd series, ii. p. 208.
