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Contents

Acknowledgements

1Introduction

An Introduction to the Research Context

A Note on Terminology

Aims and Outline of the Book

2The Position of First Language and Foreign Language Learning in Schools

Language(s) in the Curriculum

L1 and FL Teachers’ Conceptualisations of and Approaches to Language Teaching

Student Conceptualisations of and Approaches to L1 and FL Writing

Conclusion

3An Overview of Strategy Research and the Role of Language Learning Strategy Instruction

Strategy Research in the Field of L2 Acquisition

Strategy Research in the Field of Composition Research

Exploring the Effects of LLSI on Writing

Conclusion

4Considerations for Researching the Effects of a Cross-Linguistic Intervention of Language Learning Strategy Instruction

Designing the X-LiST Study: Considerations of Research Design

Getting Inside the ‘Black Box’: A Mixed-Methods Approach to Strategy Research

The Ethics of Conducting Classroom-based LLSI Research

Conclusion

5Teaching for Transfer: Developing a Cross-Linguistic Approach to Language Learning Strategy Instruction

Challenges in Implementing Cross-Linguistic LLSI

General Considerations for Developing LLSI

Developing a Cross-Linguistic Programme of LLSI: A Step-by-Step Guide

Conclusion

6An In-Depth Exploration of Patterns of Strategy Development in Foreign Language and First Language Writing

Performance in Writing Tasks

Pre-Task Planning

Problem Solving While Writing

Evaluation of Written Work

Errors and Error Correction

Conclusion

7Exploring the Cross-Linguistic Transfer of Strategies

The Phenomenon of Cross-Linguistic Transfer

Evidence of Strategy Transfer from the X-LiST Study

Multiple Directionalities of Transfer

Conclusion

8Negotiating Language Learning Strategy Instruction: Individual Trajectories

The Strategic Writer (Carissa)

The Experimenter (Chris)

The Struggling Writer (Zoe)

The Multilingual Writer (Mei)

Conclusion

9The Role of Learners’ Individual Differences

The Symbiotic Relationship between Proficiency and Strategy Use

The Importance of Metacognitive Engagement

Attitudes towards Writing

Strategic Multilingualism

Conclusion

10Reflecting Back and Looking Forward: Implications and Conclusions

Revisiting the Key Questions

Limitations of the X-LiST Study

Implications for Research and Practice

Looking Forward: Areas for Future Research

Final Reflections

Appendix A: Student Questionnaire

Appendix B: Writing Strategy Task Sheet (Carissa, German Task 2)

References

Subject Index

Author Index

Cross-Linguistic Transfer of Writing Strategies

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