Читать книгу A Call to the Colours - Kenneth Cox - Страница 8

CHAPTER TWO

The Rebellions of 1837–38: I Think My Ancestors Were Rebels!

Land grant application submitted on behalf of Jean Baptiste Turcott. LAC 20030, also available in list 4, Que. Gazette, 21-1-1841.

Many historians will tell you that American history is one of revolution while Canada’s is one of evolution. In many cases this is true, but not in 1837. If you ask Canadians about this period in our history most will shrug and give you a blank look. This shouldn’t be the case! From the end of the War of 1812, in 1814, to the creation of the Union Government in 1841, this country was in social upheaval. Indeed, the system of government we have today, created 1 July 1867 and referred to as Confederation, is a direct result of this period of rebellion.

Jean Baptiste Turcott applied for a land grant twice. His 1838 application was made to John George Lambton, Earl of Durham (Lord Durham), governor general of Canada, and was discovered at LAC. The finding aid stated, “Turcott, Jean Bte — St. Marie, Beauce, corpl. 4th Btn. Que. 21/1/41 script for 100 acres of land, list 4, Que. Gazette, 21-1-1841.” I assumed the entry was for service during the War of 1812 but was intrigued by the application to Lord Durham.

John George Lambton was appointed governor of Canada following the rebellions that had broken out in Upper and Lower Canada in 1837. In England he had been referred to as “Radical Jack” because of his liberal views on social reform. He was sent to the colonies in 1838 to report on the reasons for rebellion. His Report on the Affairs in British North America, commonly called The Durham Report, changed the face of government in Canada, eventually led to the establishment of Bytown (Ottawa) as the capital of a united colony, and ultimately the Confederation of the colonies with the British North America Act in 1867.

There was a chance that my wife’s ancestor, Jean Baptiste Turcott might have served in one of the loyal militia units that had fought the rebels in Lower Canada. After all, his 1838 application stated that he had served as a corporal with the 4th Battalion and lived in Ste.-Marie, Beauce, while his 1878 application for the gratuity granted by Canada’s Parliament stated that he had served in the Boucherville division during the War of 1812.

What happened in the twenty years following the War of 1812? These are some of the topics you should research to gain some knowledge of the Rebellions: life in Canada in the 1830s, causes of the rebellions, the lists of those captured and tried for treason (over 1,000 individuals), what militia or regular British regiments served during the period, and how to discover if one of your ancestors was transported to Australia.

Because this chapter focuses on military ancestors and, in this case, rebels (Upper Canada) and patriots (Lower Canada) as well, I leave it to you to discover any vital statistics on your ancestors. Although this period is before formal censuses, there are some church records and militia lists. The earliest censuses of 1842, 1848, and 1852 list heads of families only and are incomplete for many areas. Quebec records are more complete.

First, what background information can you learn about your 1830s British North American relatives? I would recommend you start your research by reading Roughing It in the Bush by Susanna Moodie, A Veteran of 1812 by Mary FitzGibbon, and Winter Studies and Summer Rambles by Anna Jameson. These first-hand accounts will give you a sense of what your 1830 ancestors faced when they left England to start a new life in the colonies.

The FitzGibbon book, in particular, gives insight into the rebellions in Upper Canada. There we find an outline of the order of battle for the loyal forces. FitzGibbon recorded this “Rough Sketch of Distribution for the Attack on the Morning of December 7 1837.” It can be of use if you discover an ancestors was one of the “Men of Scarboro, in the woods with Colonel McLean (Allen).”

Colonel Macnab.

Lieutenant Nash … … 1st Company … … … .Advance Guard.

Lieutenant Coppinage … 2nd Company … … … Advance Guard.

Lieutenant Garrett … … .3rd Company … … … .Advance Guard.

Major Draper.

Henry Sherwood.

Two Guns.

Captain Wm. Jarvis … … 1st Company … … … …Battalion.

Captain Campbell … … …2nd Company.

Captain Nation … … … …3rd Company.

Captain Taylor … … … … 4th Company.

Captain Jno.Powell … … .5th Company.

Henry Sherwood … … … .6th Company.

Henry Draper … … … … ..7th Company.

Donald Bethune … … … 8th Company.

Colonel Samuel McLean … … … … … … … … … … *Lieutenant Cox to aid.

Lieut.-Colonel George Duggan.

Major Jno. Gamble.

Judge Macaulay.

Colonel McLean.

Colonel Jones … … … … … … … … … … … … … … For the Left Battalion.

Colonel Jno. Macaulay.

Captain Macaulay.

Captain Durnford.

Artillery.

Captain Mathias.

Captain Carfrae.

Captain Leckie.

Dragoons.

Three Companies in Front.

One Gun, Major Carfrae.

Four Companies:

The men of Gore, under Colonel Macnab.

One Gun.

Four Companies:

Right Flank under Colonel Jarvis.

One Company, Men of Scarboro, in the woods with Colonel McLean (Allen).

Left Flank under Colonel McLean (Archibald).

Two Companies under Colonel Jones.[1]

Susanna Moodie’s husband, J. Dunbar Moodie, was a former army officer who had been placed on half pay following the war with France. He elected to apply for a land grant in Upper Canada and eventually settled near present-day Peterborough, Ontario. During the Rebellions he was recalled to duty at present-day Cobourg, Ontario, leaving his wife and children on their bush farm trying to survive the winter. These books may help you to understand why your ancestors either remained loyal or chose to fight with the rebels. Susanna wrote the following concerning the causes of the rebellion:

Favouritism was, of course, the order of the day; and the governor, for the time being, filled up all offices according to his will and pleasure, without many objections being made by the people as to the qualifications of the favourite parties, provided the selections for office were made from the powerful party. Large grants of land were given to favoured individuals in the colony, or to immigrants who came with recommendations from the home government. In such a state of matters the people certainly possessed the external form of a free government, but as an opposition party gradually acquired an ascendancy in the Lower House of Parliament, they were unable to carry the measures adopted by their majority into operation, in consequence of the systematic opposition of the legislative and executive councils, which were generally formed exclusively from the old conservative party. Whenever the conservatives obtained the majority in the House of Assembly, the reformers, in retaliation, as systematically opposed every measure. Thus a constant bickering was kept up between the parties in Parliament; while the people, amidst these contentions, lost sight of the true interests of the country, and improvements of all kinds came nearly to a stand-still.[2]

SO, WHAT ELSE SHOULD I KNOW ABOUT THIS PERIOD?

Any time a rebellion occurs, there are usually some major grievances that have gone unresolved over a period of time. Eventually the grievances become so overwhelming that normally law-abiding citizens feel they have no choice but to take up arms and bring about change, often through force. If the rebellion is successful, a new order arises that, one would hope, rectifies the injustices that brought about the violence.

In Upper and Lower Canada, even though the rebels were defeated and those captured tried for treason, change resulted because England was shocked by what had occurred. A young Queen Victoria and the British Parliament wanted to make sure they weren’t facing a repeat of the American Revolution.

The library is full of Canadian history books that will give you detailed accounts of the grievances that led up to the rebellions: the clergy and crown reserves, colonial government, the Family Compact/Château Clique, funding for the “Established Church,” poor roads, lack of publicly funded education, and various other grievances. You can also find biographical sketches of key political figures such as William Lyon Mackenzie and Louis-Joseph Papineau.

If you think one of your ancestors might have played a leadership role in the rebellions, spend a few minutes researching some of these following key players. In Upper Canada: Robert Baldwin, John Beverley Robinson, Sir Francis Bond Head, Dr. Charles Duncombe, James FitzGibbon, Robert Gourley, Samuel Lount, Peter Matthews, Alan McNabb, Dr. Wolfred Nelson, Dr. Edmund Bailey O’Callaghan, John Rolf, Egerton Ryerson, Thomas Storrow Brown, Reverend John Strachan, and Anthony Van Egmond. In Lower Canada: Jean-Olivier Chénier, Lord Colborne, Dr. Cyrille Côté, Amury Girod, Louis LaFontaine, Robert Nelson, André Ouimet.

The one grievance common to Upper and Lower Canada was the colonial government. Each colony had a lieutenant governor who was appointed in England. The Houses of Assembly in each of Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Lower, and Upper Canada had two levels: the Legislative Council, appointed for life, and the Legislative Assembly, which was elected by the colonists. The governor also had the right to appoint an executive council as his advisors. The crux of the problem was the issue of elected-versus-appointed representatives.

In addition, the people holding power in the colonies had a fear of American Republicanism. Remember that a large segment of the population in Upper Canada originally came from the United States in search of free land. Many brought their “republican” beliefs with them. Included in this mix were new immigrants from the British Isles who expected the same political freedoms they had enjoyed back in England.

Often, when the new governor arrived from England he selected individuals for his executive council whom he saw as the leading educated and loyal members of the colonial society he was going to govern. Soon these select few not only had direct access to the governor but also could recommend political appointments for individuals they saw as worthy, especially to the appointed legislative council. In Upper Canada this group became referred to in the local newspapers as the Family Compact and in Lower Canada, the Château Clique. Those terms were used because the more radical newspapers often made headlines by pointing out the family connections among government appointees. The lower house, or legislative assembly, was elected by the voters of the colony and, therefore, seemed more democratic.

It’s not difficult for anyone to see that this system had built-in flaws that would ultimately lead to conflict. The extract from Susanna Moodie’s book does an excellent job outlining the resulting frustration. The elected assembly saw many of the laws it wished to enact disallowed by the legislative council and governor. In turn the assembly refused to vote the monies the governor needed for his own initiatives. William Lyon Mackenzie in Upper Canada, Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia, and Louis-Joseph Papineau in Lower Canada presented lists of grievances directly to the Home Office in England with no satisfaction. The stage was set.

When you construct your family narrative, include some of the following key events from the Rebellions:

In Upper Canada:

• Mackenzie is defeated in the election of 1836, mostly because of the direct interference of Governor Bond Head during the campaigning.

• Vigilance Committees are formed following Mackenzie’s call for armed resistance.

• The Committees start to collect fire arms and to drill.

• October 1837, Mackenzie receives word from Lower Canada that the Patriotes are ready to strike a blow for liberty.

• Date is set for rebellion, 7 December 1837, plan calls for 5,000 men to assemble at Montgomery’s Tavern just north of Toronto.

• In November word is received that rebellion has broken out in Lower Canada.

• In spite of advice from James FitzGibbon, Governor Bond Head sends all available troops to Lower Canada.

• 4 December 1837 rebels start to assemble at Montgomery’s Tavern.

• 5 December 1837 they begin to march on Toronto.

• About 300 men, loyal to the Family Compact, assemble in Toronto.

• Thirty government supporters, under the command of Sheriff Jarvis, stand guard at a barricade just north of the city.

• A brief skirmish results and the rebels retreat back to the tavern.

• The government forces, under the direction of James FitzGibbon, march north on Yonge street and defeat the rebels.

• Montgomery’s Tavern is burned along with other buildings associated with known reformers.

• Mackenzie escapes to the United States, establishes a provisional government on Navy Island in the Niagara River from which he initiates raids on Upper Canada.

• The American steamer Caroline, used to supply the group, is burned by government supporters.

• 14 April 1838, prisoners from Dr. Duncombe’s Rising, near Brantford, and the Short Hills engagement are sentenced to death.

• Several men, including Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews, are hanged for treason and almost one hundred are sent into exile.

• Mackenzie is finally arrested by U.S. authorities, spends a year in jail, eventually settles in New York City, and returns to Upper Canada in 1849 when a general amnesty is declared.

In Lower Canada:

• By 1837 there is deadlock in government — the assembly refuses to grant money to pay the salaries of the governor and councillors.

• The Ten Resolutions are passed by the British Parliament allowing the governor to pay out funds without the consent of the assembly.

• Patriotes (supporters of Papineau) start to collect arms and secretly drill.

• The rebels start to refer to themselves as the “Fils de la liberté” hold rallies and use slogans like “La nation Canadienne” and “Papineau et l’independence.”

• November 1837, the rebellion begins with a clash between the Doric Club, which supports the government, and the Patriotes who support reform.

• Papineau leaves Montreal, Patriotes start to assemble in the Richelieu Valley region, and the government decides to send troops to take prisoners and disperse any armed Patriote groups.

• 22 November 1837, a force of British Troops march toward the village of Saint- Denis, a five-hour battle is fought with a large body of Patriotes who put up such a strong resistance that the troops retreat.

• 24 November 1837, a second clash occurs at the village of Saint-Charles, Papineau flees to the U.S., and the rebels are defeated.

• December 1837, the battle at Saint–Eustache, just north and west of Montreal, results in 120 Patriotes being taken prisoner and many more killed and wounded.

• Trials begin and eventually over one thousand prisoners are tried for treason.

• Papineau eventually leaves the United States, lives in France, and returns to Canada in 1845.

The rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada did not end with the defeat of the rebels. For the following few years Hunters’ Lodges, mostly situated in the U.S., organized and planned raids on Upper Canada. The lodges seemed to be mostly located in New York State and indeed a meeting did occur in Lockport, New York, in March 1838 attended by William Lyon Mackenzie. These lodges were responsible for the burning of the steamer Sir Robert Peel and various raids across the border at Niagara. In November 1838, a major engagement was fought at Prescott, Ontario, which is commonly referred to as the Battle of the Windmill. What is left of the windmill is still on the site and Fort Wellington is open to the public.

As an interesting aside, you may want to spend some time researching William Johnson, the Thousand Island Pirate. It is claimed Johnson was responsible for the burning of the Peel and generally harassing boat traffic on the St. Lawrence River. That he was a member of a hunters’ lodge is not totally verified; that he was a pirate whom authorities would have like to apprehend is not in doubt. I don’t believe he was ever captured, nor was his base in the Thousand Islands discovered. Johnson is one of the many interesting characters who appear in Canadian history from time to time and about whom very few Canadians know.

So, what about your military ancestors who served during the rebellions? The governor of Upper Canada, Sir Francis Bond Head, upon a request from the authorities in Lower Canada, sent almost all the regular British troops then stationed in the colony to Quebec. Thus, by January 1838 the defence of the colony of Upper Canada depended on local militia units raised specifically for the duration of hostilities. Several hundred volunteers flooded into the city of Toronto in response to the December threats and it is estimated that by February there were almost two thousand militiamen available for service. They were formed into units with names like the Toronto City Guards, Queen’s Lancers, and Royal Volunteers. To counter the hunters’ lodge threat several 600-man battalions were incorporated and specifically equipped by the government for full-time service. By the end of 1838 these battalions were reorganized into thirty companies and sixteen battalions.[3]

Your ancestors would have been organized into incorporated, provisional, or sedentary militia units. The incorporated militia served for eighteen months, full-time. The provisional battalions volunteered for six months. The sedentary units and Aboriginal peoples were called out when it was felt necessary. England responded by dispatching over five thousand regulars to Upper and Lower Canada. The Great Lakes were protected by several specifically designed steamers, manned by members of the Provincial Marine.

LAC’s MG 13, WO 13, holds the nominal rolls of the “Coloured” companies raised by the British to help track down rebels. The authorities knew that they could depend on Upper and Lower Canada’s black citizens to support the government because slavery had been abolished in Upper Canada in the 1790s and in the British Empire in 1834. The British were counting on the black settlers (mostly Loyalists and escaped and freed slaves) and Native population of British North America to want no part of American republicanism. Four battalions were formed.

Muster Roll of Coloured Troops. LAC, MG13, muster rolls of militia, 1837–1850, B series.

The Durham Report resulted in the 1841 Act of Union uniting Upper and Lower Canada and changing their names to Canada East (Quebec) and Canada West (Ontario). The geographic origin of public records for these two regions from 1841 until 1867 were referred to as CE (Canada East) and CW (Canada West). Likewise the government offices for the Parliament of the United Canadas alternated between Kingston, Canada West, and Montreal, Canada East.

In 1849 the Government of the United Canadas passed into law the Rebellions Losses Bill compensating former Reformers/Patriotes for damages committed by government troops during the Rebellions. The result was riots in Montreal and the burning of the Parliament buildings in that city. In 1854, Queen Victoria decided to resolve the issue of the capital of Canada by selecting Bytown, later Ottawa, as the seat of government.

The Act of Union was designed not only to unite the provinces of Upper and Lower Canada with an equal number of seats assigned to each in the new Parliament, but also to assimilate the French Canadians and encourage them to give up their language and customs. By the early 1860s, the Parliament of the United Canadas was again in deadlock. Eventually the British North America Act would create the Confederation of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia on 1 July 1867.

WHAT HAPPENED TO THE HUNDREDS OF INDIVIDUALS WHO WERE TRIED AND SENTENCED FOR TREASON?

If one of your ancestors was a Reformer in Upper Canada or a Patriote in Lower Canada he might have been sent to Botany Bay in Australia onboard a convict ship. The only way you will know is by checking some of the lists of individuals tried by court martial found in archival documents or online.

________________________________

On Olive Tree Genealogy you can find a list of men sentenced to death as a result of Dr. Duncombe’s rising near Brantford: Horatio Hill, Stephen Smith, Charles Walworth, Ephraim Cook, John Tufford, and Nathan Town, as well as the names of those charged in the Short Hills Insurrection: Samuel Chandler (banished), James Morreau (executed), William Reynold, Garret Van Camp, August Linus, Wilson Miller, George Cooley, Norman Mallory, Loren Hedge, George Buck, James Genmill, Murdoch McFadden, Freeman Brady, Robert Kelly, Ebenezer Rice, David Taylor, Abraham Clarke, John T. McNulty, John Grant, Street Chase, James Waggoner, Edward Seymour, Alexander McLeod, Benjamin Wait (banished).[4]

________________________________

You can find a list of the 1,048 individuals tried for treason and acquitted or either executed or transported to Australia in The Patriots and the People. There I found Louis Turcott — acquitted — in the list of names.[5] The actual document published by the Colonial Office in 1840 provides a complete return of the persons imprisoned in Lower Canada. A great deal of information about the individuals is provided, including whether or not their sentence was executed or commuted. The report, entitled “Return to an Address of the Honourable the House of Commons” and dated 27 February 1839, is available at the Toronto Reference Library.

In Upper Canada, only two individuals were hanged for their part in the rebellions: Samuel Lount and Peter Matthews. Many of those condemned to death had their sentences commuted because of general indignation amongst the people of the colonies. For instance, Joseph Sheard, architect and later mayor of Toronto, blatantly refused to build the gallows for Lount and Matthews’s execution, stating, “Lount and Matthews have done nothing that I might not have done myself, and I’ll never help to build a gallows to hang them.”[6]

WHY MIGHT MY ANCESTORS HAVE BEEN SENT TO AUSTRALIA?

It was Captain James Cook’s report that convinced the British Admiralty of the suitability of Botany Bay as a prison for convicts. Previously, Britain had been in the habit of sending undesirables convicted of a wide variety of crimes to the Thirteen Colonies. However, the end of the American Revolution and the creation of the United States put an end to the availability of this region. The first fleet of prisoners arrived at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788, and the final group arrived in 1868. Some 150 persons convicted of treason were sent to Australia on two ships, the Canton and the Marquis of Hastings.[7]

Your ancestors who lived during this period saw some interesting changes as the colony of British North America slowly assumed more responsibility for government and military defence. By the 1850s England was beginning to distance herself from Canada, allowing the colonies to rely more on their own militia for defence. After the Aroostook War in the mid 1850s, over the boundary between New Brunswick and the State of Maine, the whole structure of our military changed. In 1855 the government enacted the Militia Act, which established an Active Militia (permanent) of 5,000 officers and men, and a Sedentary Militia (only called out in times of need to supplement the active militia) of 100,000 officers and men. The Militia Act saw the growth of many new units, each assigned a battalion number and title. These changes occurred just in time to face the challenges of the upcoming decades.[8]

Jean Baptiste Turcott must have received his land grant as his name doesn’t appear on any of the lists of individuals tried for treason; he clearly states in his application that he served in the 4th Battalion as a corporal. A relative, Louis Turcott, must have been accused of treason by someone or was seen in the company of suspected Patriotes but was acquitted by the court in Montreal. Shortly after the events in Lower Canada, Jean Baptiste must have moved to Wolfe Island, Frontenac County, Canada West. There he and one of his sons, Joseph, refer to themselves as sailors when registering children on the local Catholic parish registers. They can both be found in archival documents working for the government, transporting immigrants to the quarantine station on Grosse Isle. Perhaps that is where Joseph, my wife’s great-grandfather, met his future wife, Mary O’Herne.

RESOURCES FOR THE REBELLIONS OF 1837–1838

LAC

These records will provide you with the nominal rolls, pay lists, etc. of the British units stationed in North America as well as the Canadian militia units.

• RG 9, series IB5, vols. 5–10, reels T3488 and T3489 contain militia records, 1824–47.

• RG 9, series IB7, vol. 8, 1837/38, hold registers of officers of the militia units involved in 1837/38.

• RG 9, series IA5, vol. 20, ref. R1023-13-7-E, available on microfilm, contains a list of militia officers dismissed for disloyalty.

• RG 9, series IA5, 1808–1846, provides a register of officers, Lower Canada, reels: T6943 and T6944 (1831–46), T6945 — officers dismissed (1837/38).

• RG 5 – B36 & B37, trials (37/38) and court martial (1838/39) in the London District.

• RG 5 – B38, results of Court of Queen’s Bench in England, releasing 10 of 23 men slated for transportation to Australia.

• RG 5 – B39, review of conduct of Colonel J. Prince at the Battle of the Windmill.

• RG 5 – B41, an outline of the court martial at Kingston’s Fort Henry.

• RG 5 – B44, covers claims for losses incurred during the rebellions.

• WO 13, NA, MG 13, vols. 3673–3717, reels B2916–B2917, B2976–B2977, B2995, B3159 to B 3196 will provide you with muster rolls etc., of British units stationed in North America during the rebellions.

• MG 24 – B2 Ref. #R12320-0-5-F contain the family papers of Louis-Joseph Papineau.

• MG 24 – A25 Ref. # R2451-0-5-E allows access to the family papers of Sir Francis Bond Head.

• MG 13, WO 67 hold the depot description books 1803–92, reels B-3661 to B-3663 — finding aid 90.

• MG 24 – G35 Ref. #R6679-0-8-E, are the Upper Canada Militia Unit Account Books.

• MG 24 – G40-0-2-E, Ref. #R6683-0-2-E contain the Volunteer Militia Force of Canada West fonds.

• MG 13, WO 13, hold the Muster Rolls, Canadian Militia 1837–50, reels: B2916-2917, B2976-2977, B2995, B3159-B3196, listed alphabetically according to unit.

• WO13, MG13, offers a list of officers and men killed and wounded during the 1837–38 rebellions.

WEBSITES

Australia, www.naa.gov.au.

Canadian Institute for Historical Microreproduction, www2.canadiana.ca/en/home, now part of the early Canada Online Project, always check this site for early documents.

City of Montreal, ville.montreal.qc.ca/archives.

City of Toronto Archives, www.toronto.ca/archives.

Eastern Townships Heritage WebMagazine, www.townshipsheritage.com.

Independence of Québec, English language page www.english.republiquelibre.org/1837-38-patriot-war.html, an excellent list of the events in Lower Canada.

Internet Archive, www.archive.org/stream/cihm_00186/cihm_00186_djvu.txt, where you can read Reverend John Douglas Bothwick, A History of the Montreal Prison from A.D. 1784 to A.D. 1886. It contains a complete record of the Troubles of 1837/1838, Burning of Parliament Buildings in 1849, the St. Albans Raiders 1864, the Two Fenian Raids of 1866 and 1870. You will also find a list of the over one thousand individuals tried for treason as well as the verdict of acquittal, transportation, or execution.

Library and Archives Canada, “From Colony to Country, Rebellions of 1837 and 1838: A Reader’s Guide to Canadian Military History,” collectionscanada.gc.ca/military/025002-3000-e.html.

Library and Archives of Quebec, www.banq.qc.ca.

Military Heritage, www.militaryheritage.com/pastprojects.htm, you can see excellent images of the type of uniform worn by British units in this period.

National Archives U.K., www.archives.gov.uk.

Olive Tree Genealogy, www.olivetreegenealogy.com/mil/can/1837, click on Rebellion 1837, Patriot War.

Olive Tree Genealogy, www.olivetreegenealogy.com/mil/can/1837/data_duncombe.shtml, for those sentenced to death after the Dr. Duncombe Rising.

Province of Ontario Archives, www.archives.gov.on.ca.

To the Outskirts of Habitable Creation, www.1837rebellion.net/linksto1837rebel.html, a gateway to a variety of websites.

BOOKS

Life in 1830s Upper Canada

These nineteenth century books are available in many editions. These are the ones I used in preparing this book.

FitzGibbon, Mary Agnes. A Veteran of 1812. Toronto: William Briggs Pub., 1894, reprinted by Coles Publishing, 1979.

Jameson, Anna. Winter Studies and Summer Rambles. Reprint. Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 1990.

Moodie, Susanna. Roughing It in the Bush. Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1995, originally published in 1852.

The Rebellions

Bercusion, G. Dictionary of Canadian Military History. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1992.

Brooke, A., and D. Brandon. Bound for Botany Bay, British Convict Voyages to Australia. London, U.K.: The National Archives, U.K., 1993.