Читать книгу Herbarium - Klaus H. Carl - Страница 3

A herbarium, or Hortus Siccus, is a collection of plants that have been dried and preserved so as to illustrate as far as possible their different characters. Since the same plant, owing to peculiarities of climate, soil and situation, degree of exposure to light and other influences may vary greatly according to the locality in which it occurs, it is only by gathering together, for comparison and study, a large series of examples of each species that the flora of different regions can be satisfactorily represented. Even in the best-equipped botanical garden it is almost impossible to have more than a very small percentage of the representatives of the flora of any given region or large group of plants. Hence, a good herbarium forms an indispensable part of a botanical museum or institution. There are large herbaria at the British Museum and at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, and smaller collections at the botanical institutions at the principal British universities. Linnaeus’ original herbarium is in the possession of the Linnaen Society of London. It was purchased from the widow of Linnaeus by Dr. (later Sir) J. E. Smith, one of the founders of the Linnaen Society, and after his death was bought by the society. Herbaria are also associated with the more important botanical gardens and museums in other countries.

Introductory plate: Hortus Eystettensis

Plantarum Horti Eystæt

Tensis

Claffis Verna

Introductory plate: Spring

I. Ruscus aculeatus

Butcher’s Broom

Liliaceae-Asparagales

II. Philadelphus coronarius

Double-flowered Mock-orange

Hydrangeaceae

III. Philadelphus coronarius

Single-flowered Mock-orange

Hydrangeaceae

I. Cercis siliquastrum

Judas Tree

Leguminosae-Caesalpinia

II. Maianthemum bifolium

False Lily of the Valley

Liliaceae

III. Botrychium lunaria

Moonwort

Ophioglossales-Pteridophyta

IV. Chrysosplenium oppositifolium

Golden Saxifrage

Saxifragaceae

I. Prunus specie

Double-flowered Cherry

Rosaceae

II. Prunus padus

Bird Cherry

Rosaceae

III. Picea abies

Branch and cones of the Norway Spruce

Conifer

The value of a herbarium is much enhanced by the possession of “types”, that is, the original specimens on which the study of a species was founded. Thus the herbarium at the British Museum, which is especially rich in the earlier collections made in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, contains the types of many species founded by the earlier workers in botany. It is also rich in types of Australian plants from the collections of Sir Joseph Banks and Robert Brown, and contains in addition many valuable modern collections. The Kew herbarium, founded by Sir William Hooker and greatly developed by his son Sir Joseph Hooker, also contains many types, especially those of plants described in the Flora of British India and various colonial floras. The collection of Dillenius is deposited at Oxford, and that of Professor W. H. Harvey at Trinity College, Dublin. The collections of Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, his son Adrien and August de St. Hilaire are included in the large herbarium of the Jardin des Plantes in Paris. In in the same city is the extensive private collection of Dr. Ernest Cosson. In Geneva are three large collections – Augustin Pyramede Candolle’s, containing the typical specimens of the Prodromus, a large series of monographs of the families of flowering plants, Benjamin Delessert’s fine series at the Botanical Garden and the Boissier Herbarium, which is abundant with Mediterranean and Oriental plants. The largest collection ever made by a single individual (exceeding 40,000 specimens), that of Professor Griesbach, was bequeathed to the University of Göttingen. At the herbarium in Brussels are the specimens obtained by the traveller Karl Friedrich Philipp von Martius, the majority of which formed the groundwork of his Flora Brasiliensis. The Berlin herbarium is especially rich in more recent collections, and other national herbaria sufficiently extensive to meet the requirements of the systematic botanist exist in St. Petersburg, Vienna, Leiden, Stockholm, Upsala, Copenhagen and Florence. Of those in the United States of America, the chief herbarium, formed by Asa Gray, is the property of Harvard University; there is also a large one at the New York Botanical Garden. The herbarium in Melbourne, Australia, under Baron Müller, is of large proportions, and that of the Botanical Garden of Calcutta is noteworthy as the repository of numerous specimens described by writers on Indian botany.

I. Malus specie

Double-flowered Apple

Rosaceae

II. Lychnis viscaria

Sticky Catchfly

Caryophyllaceae

III. Campanula patula

Spreading Bellflower

Campanulaceae

I. Staphylea pinnata

Bladdernut

Staphyleaceae

II. Vinca minor

White-flowered Lesser Periwinkle

Apocynaceae

III. Vinca minor

Lesser Periwinkle

Apocynaceae

IV. Vinca minor

Mauve-flowered Lesser Periwinkle

Apocynaceae

V. Vinca minor

Double-flowered Lesser Periwinkle

Apocynaceae

I. Laburnum anagyroides

Common Laburnum

Papilionaceae

II. Laburnum alpinum

Alpine Laburnum

Papilionaceae

I. Viburnum opulus

Snowball Bush [Guelder-rose]

Caprifoliaceae

II. Cytisus sessilifolius

Stalkless-leafed Laburnum

Papilionaceae

III. Cytisus ciliatus

Small Alpine Laburnum

Papilionaceae

I. Dorycnium hirsutum

Hairy Canary Clover

Papilionaceae

II. Cytisus supinus / Cytisus hirsutus

Clustered Broom [Hairy Broom]

Papilionaceae

III. Cytisus scoparius

Common Broom

Papilionaceae

IV. Jasminum fruticans

Shrubby Jasmine

Oleaceae

I. Ribes alpinum

Alpine Currant

Grossulariaceae

II. Ribes rubrum

Common Redcurrant

Grossulariaceae

III. Ribes nigrum

Blackcurrant

Grossulariaceae

IV. Ribes rubrum

Redcurrant

Grossulariaceae

V. Ribes rubrum

Whitecurrant

Grossulariaceae

I. Lathraea squamaria

Common Toothwort

Orobanchaceae

II. Erythronium dens-canis

White-flowered Dog’s Tooth Violet

Liliaceae

III. Erythronium dens-canis

Mauve-flowered Dog’s Tooth Violet

Liliaceae

IV. Pulmonaria officinalis

Lungwort

Boraginaceae

V. Primula vulgaris

Mauve-flowered Common Primrose

Primulaceae

I. Primula auricula

Конец ознакомительного фрагмента. Купить книгу