Читать книгу 500 Basic Korean Verbs - Kyubyong Park - Страница 8

GUIDE TO CONJUGATION

1. What Is Conjugation?

The dictionary form of all Korean verbs ends with 다 da such as 가다 gada “to go,” 적다 jeokda “to write,” and 살다 salda “to live.” The part that precedes the word-final 다 da—가 ga, 적 jeok, and 살 sal—is called a stem. The stem is constant in its shape, and various suffixes can be attached to it. The suffix added to the stem of a verb is called an ending. Conjugation refers to the way the stem of a verb and one or more endings combine to create a different form.

2. ㄹ Verbs and 하 Verbs

Most verbs follow regular conjugation rules. There are two types of verbs which need your attention—ㄹ verbs and 하 verbs. ㄹ verbs are those whose stem ends with ㄹ l, for example, 살다 salda “to live,” 밀다 milda “to push,” and 돌다 dolda “to turn”; 하 verbs, which account for a large portion of Korean verbs, are those whose stem ends with 하 ha, for example, 하다 hada “to do,” 공부하다 gongbuhada “to study,” 일하다 ilhada “to work,” and 숙제하다 sukjehada “to do homework.” Those two groups of verbs follow the regular conjugation rules, but they sometimes behave differently than other verbs.

• Some notes on notation

V	Verb
S	Stem. e.g., 가 ga in 가다 gada “to go”
e	Ending. e.g., 면 myeon in 가면 gamyeon “if (I/you/he/etc.) go(es)”
Sㄹ	Stem ending in ㄹ l. e.g., 살 sal in 살다 salda “to live”
Sㄹ	Deletion of the stem-final ㄹ l
Sv	Stem ending in a vowel. e.g., 가 ga in 가다 gada “to go”
Sc	Stem ending in a consonant. e.g., 적 jeok in 적다 jeokda “to write”
Sㅏ/ㅗ	Stem ending in a syllable with ㅏ a or ㅗ o. e.g., 가 ga in 가다 gada “to go,” 돌 dol in 돌다 dolda “to turn”
Sㅓ/ㅜ	Stem ending in a syllable with a vowel other than ㅏ a and ㅗ o. e.g., 적 jeok in 적다 jeokda “to write,” 주 ju in 주다 juda “to give”
S하	Stem ending in 하 ha. e.g., 공부하 gongbuha in 공부하다 gongbuhada “to study”

3. Conjugation of Regular Verbs

e class #1. S + e

Endings beginning with ㄱ g, ㅈ j, or ㄷ d combine directly with the stem of a verb. Among them are -고 -go “and,” -거나 -geona “or,” -기 -gi (nominalizer), -겠- -get- (future), -지 -ji (nominalizer), -지만 -jiman “but,” -자 -ja (propositive), and -도록 -dorok “so that.”

e class #2. (i) S + e (ii) Sㄹ + e

When endings like -니? -ni? (interrogative), -는데 -neunde “but,” and -는 -neun (adnominal) are attached to the stem of ㄹ verbs, the stem-final ㄹ l is deleted. For all other verbs, they combine directly with the stem of the verb. The majority of the endings beginning with a syllable-initial ㄴ n go for this class.

e class #3. (i) Sv + e (ii) Sㄹ + e (iii) Sc + 으 + e

Endings beginning with ㅁ m or syllable-initial ㄹ are directly attached to the stem which ends with a vowel or ㄹ. When they are attached to a stem which ends with a consonant other than ㄹ, by contrast, the vowel 으 eu intervenes between the stem and the ending to facilitate the pronunciation. -(으)면 -(eu)myeon “if,” -(으)ㅁ -(eu)m (nominalizer), and -(으)려고 -(eu)ryeogo “in order to” follow this rule.

e class #4. (i) Sv + e (ii) Sㄹ + e (iii) Sc + 으/스/느 + e

Class #4 endings are directly attached to the stem which ends with a vowel, but when they combine with ㄹ verbs, the stem-final ㄹ r/l is dropped. And when they are attached to the stem ending with a consonant other than ㄹ, either of the vowels 으 eu, 느 neu, and 스 seu is inserted between the stem and the ending. Endings beginning with ㅅ s, or syllable-final ㄹ/ㅂ/ㄴ r/p/n follow this rule. They include -(으)세요 -(eu)seyo (imperative), -(으)ㄹ -(eu)l (adnominal), -(스)ㅂ니다 -(seu)pnida (declarative), -(스)ㅂ니까? -(seu)pnikka? (interrogative), -(으)ㅂ시다 -(eu)psida (propositive), -(느)ㄴ다 -(neu)nda (declarative), -(으)ㄴ -(eu)n (adnominal). As an exception, -(으)니까 -(eu)nikka “so, therefore” belongs to this class, although it begins with syllable-initial ㄴ n.

e class #5.

(i) Sㅏ/ㅗ + e (-아) (ii) Sㅓ/ㅜ + e (-어) (iii) S + e + (-여)

Class #5 endings have three different forms depending on the stem they are attached to. If the stem ends in a syllable with ㅏ a or ㅗ o, the 아 a form is attached to it; if the stem ends in a syllable with other vowels, the 어 eo form is attached to it; the 하 verbs take the 여 yeo form and it overrides the prior rules. -아/어/여 -a/eo/yeo (declarative), -아요/어 요/여요 -ayo/eoyo/yeoyo (declarative), -았어요/었어요/였어요 -asseoyo/eosseoyo/yeo sseoyo (declarative past), -아라/어라/여라 -ara/eora/yeora (imperative), and -아서/어 서/여서 -aseo/eoseo/yeoseo “so, therefore” belong to Class #5.

가 + 아, 서 + 어, and 하 + 여 become 가, 서, and 해 respectively, according to the rules of vowel contraction. The exhaustive list of vowel contraction is shown below.

• Rules of Vowel Contraction

4. Conjugation of Irregular Verbs

4.1. ㅅ irregular verbs

ㅅ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㅅ s. They lose their ㅅ s before endings beginning with a vowel.

The following verbs have stems ending in ㅅ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 벗다 beotda “to take off,”웃다 utda “to laugh,” 씻다 ssitda “to wash,” 빗다 bitda “to comb.”

4.2. ㅂ irregular verbs

ㅂ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㅂ p. The ㅂ p becomes w before endings beginning with a vowel. Note that w and 으 eu merge to form 우 u.

The following verbs have stems ending in ㅂ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 잡다 japda “to take,” 뽑다 ppopda “to pull out,” 씹다 ssipda “to chew,” 입다 ipda “to wear.”

4.3. ㄷ irregular verbs

ㄷ irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with ㄷ t. The ㄷ t becomes ㄹ r before endings beginning with a vowel.

The following verbs have stems ending in ㄷ, but they follow the regular conjugation rules: 받다 batda “to take,” 닫다 datda “to close,” 얻다 eotda “to get,” 믿다 mitda “to believe.”

4.4. 르 irregular verbs

르 irregular verbs are those whose stem ends with 르 reu. The stem-final 르 reu becomes ㄹㄹ ll before an ending beginning with 아 a or 어 eo.