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Based on evidence from adoption and twin studies, researchers have searched for particular genes that are linked with the characteristics found to have high heritability. However, they had little success until the development of genome-wide association tests, described earlier in this chapter, that allowed them to look at the whole human genome without having to guess beforehand which specific genes to examine (Amin et al., 2013). In recent years they have had success in locating areas of the genome and combinations of genes that are linked with what have been called the big five personality characteristics: extraversion, conscientiousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, and openness (Amin et al., 2013; de Moor et al., 2015; van den Berg et al., 2016). However, as you will see in the next section, the presence of specific genes does not necessarily determine someone’s behavior. Experiences in the environment can affect how genes are expressed.