Читать книгу Essential Korean Grammar - Laura Kingdon - Страница 14
ОглавлениеLinking Sentences—Cause and Effect: Through, Because Of, For the Sake Of
There are actually thirteen different grammar forms to cover here, and that’s not even including 기에 which you can review on page 73 if you’d like. One of its uses also fits here, but because it’s not too difficult and also fits in the previous section, there’s no need to go over it again. The nice thing about all of these patterns is that you can use them any time—in the past, present or future—to talk about anyone or anything. There aren’t many special rules about usage.
교통 체증 때문에 늦게 왔어요.
Gyotong chejeung ttaemune neutge wasseoyo.
I was late because of traffic.
This is probably the most common of all these patterns. It goes after a noun (or a verb, if you put 기 at the end of the verb) and means “Because of A, B.” It can, but often doesn’t, have negative connotations.
HOW IT’S CONJUGATED
| Past | Present | Future | ||
| Action verbs ending in a vowel | 하다 | 했기 때문에 haetgi ttaemune | 하기 때문에 hagi ttaemune | 하기 때문에 |
| Action verbs ending in a consonant | 먹다 | 먹었기 때문에 meogeotgi ttaemune | 먹기 때문에 meokgi ttaemune | 먹기 때문에 |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a vowel | 예쁘다 | 예뻤기 때문에 yeppeotgi ttaemune | 예쁘기 때문에 yeppeugi ttaemune | 예쁘기 때문에 |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a consonant | 작다 | 작았기 때문에 jagatgi ttaemune | 작기 때문에 jakgi ttaemune | 작기 때문에 |
| Nouns ending in a vowel | 남자 | 남자 때문에 namja ttaemune | 남자 때문에 | 남자 때문에 |
| Nouns ending in a consonant | 물 | 물 때문에 mul ttaemune | 물 때문에 | 물 때문에 |
TAKE NOTE
A remark about the nouns above: 남자 때문에 means “because of the man,” while “남자이기 때문에” means “because he is a man.” See the second example below.
If you’re blaming someone, 때문에 is a good expression to use, but 는 바람에, 는 통에, neun barame, neun tong e, or (으)ㄴ/는 탓에 (eu) n/neun tase (see page 79) are even more negative. If you want to say that something good happened because of something else, you should use (으)ㄴ/는 덕분에 (eu)n/neun deokbune (see page 80).
EXAMPLE SENTENCES
담배 때문에 건강이 나빠졌어요.
Dambae ttaemune geongangi nappajyeosseoyo.
My health has worsened because of cigarettes.
그는 장애인이기 때문에 잘 못 걸어요.
Geuneun jangaeinigi ttaemune jal mot georeoyo.
He can’t walk well because he’s handicapped.
(If I’d just said 장애인 때문에 jangaein ttaemune, it would mean “because of the handicapped person.”)
차가 막히는 통에 늦게 왔어요.
Chaga makineun tonge neutge wasseoyo.
Because of traffic, I was late.
차가 막히는 바람에 늦게 왔어요.
Chaga makineun barame neutge wasseoyo.
Because of traffic, I was late.
차가 막히는 탓에 늦게 왔어요.
Because of traffic, I was late.
Chaga makineun tase neutge wasseoyo.
Again, “because of A, B,” but these expressions can be used only when B is a negative result of A.
HOW IT’S FORMED
탓 tat literally means “fault” or “blame,” while 통 tong just means “through.”
HOW IT’S CONJUGATED
| Past | Present | Future | ||
| Action verbs ending in a vowel | 하다 | 하는 바람에 haneun barame 하는 통에 haneun tonge 한 탓에 han tase | 하는 바람에 하는 통에 하는 탓에 haneun tase | 하는 바람에 하는 통에 하는 탓에 |
| Action verbs ending in a consonant | 먹다 | 먹는 바람에 meokneun barame 먹는 통에 meokneun tonge 먹은 탓에 meokeun tase | 먹는 바람에 먹는 통에 먹는 탓에 | 먹는 바람에 먹는 통에 먹는 탓에 |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a vowel | 예쁘다 | 예뻤던 탓에 yeppeotdeon tase | 예쁜 탓에 yeppeun tase | 예쁜 탓에 |
| Descriptive verbs (adjectives) ending in a consonant | 작다 | 작었던 탓에 jageotdeon tase | 작은 탓에 jageun tase | 작은 탓에 |
| Nouns ending in a vowel | 남자 | 남자였던 탓에 namjayeotdeon tase | 남자인 탓에 namjain tase | 남자인 탓에 |
| Nouns ending in a consonant | 물 | 물이었던 탓에 murieotdeon tase | 물인 탓에 murin tase | 물인 탓에 |
TAKE NOTE
None of these expressions can be used with questions, suggestions, or commands; they all describe events that took place in the past, so you can use them only with statements that refer to something that’s done. Only 탓에 can be used with descriptive verbs or nouns; the other two are for actions only.
There are some small differences among the three. 바람에 barame is used when the reason was unexpected and can be used for positive but unexpected results. 통에 tonge is used only when the event was something chaotic and drawn-out such as a war or a disaster.
Please be aware that 바람 by itself is a noun that means “wind”; I don’t know if that has anything to do with the origin of this expression or not, but the 바람 in this sentence isn’t “wind” and “wind” by itself isn’t necessarily the kind of thing that warrants the use of 바람에. There’s also 바랍니다 barapnida, which you will hear all the time on the subway and which is a form of 바라다 barada that means “to want.” These are not what we’re looking at here.
EXAMPLE SENTENCES
전쟁 통에 그녀가 고아가 되었어요.
Jeonjaeng tonge geunyeoga goaga doeeosseoyo.
Because of the war, she became an orphan.
너무 많이 걸은 통에 다리가 아파요.
Neomu mani georeun tonge dariga apayo.
Because I walked too much, my leg hurts.
사고가 나는 바람에 그녀가 고아가 되었어요.
Aagoga naneun barame geunyeoga goaga doeeosseoyo.
Because of an accident, she was orphaned.
다리를 다치는 바람에 못 걸어요.
Darireul dachineun barame mot georeoyo.
Because I hurt my leg, I can’t walk.
전쟁 탓에 그녀가 고아가 되었어요.
Jeonjaeng tase geunyeoga goaga doeeosseoyo.
Because of the war, she became an orphan.
너무 많이 걸은 탓에 다리가 아파요.
Neomu mani georeun tase dariga apayo.
Because I walked too much, my leg hurts.
Notice that I had to change my examples for 바람에 because the causes in the original examples were not unexpected, so I couldn’t use 바람에 with them.
택시를 탄 덕분에 늦지 않았어요.
Taeksireul tan deokbune neutji anasseoyo.
Because I took a taxi, I wasn’t late.
Do you like Thanksgiving? Who doesn’t? Unfortunately, I don’t have any turkey for you, but I can show you how to give thanks in Korean. This expression means “Thanks to A, B.” It’s used only when A was a good thing with a positive result, B.
HOW IT’S CONJUGATED
| Past | Present | ||
| Action verbs ending in a vowel | 하다 | 한 덕분에 han deokbune | 하는 덕분에 haneun deokbune |
| Action verbs ending in a consonant | 먹다 | 먹은 덕분에 meogeun deokbune | 먹는 덕분에 meogneun deokbune |
| Nouns ending in a vowel | 남자 | 남자 덕분에 namja deokbune | 남자 덕분에 |
| Nouns ending in a consonant | 물 | 물 덕분에 mul deokbune | 물 덕분에 |
