Читать книгу The American Kaleidoscope - Lawrence H. Fuchs - Страница 9
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ONE. THE CIVIC CULTURE AND VOLUNTARY PLURALISM / 1
1. “True Americanism”: The Foundations of the Civic Culture / 7
Three Ideas About Immigrants and Membership: Massachusetts, Virginia, and Pennsylvania / 7
Can Immigrants Learn New Republican Principles? / 12
The Pennsylvania Approach Prevails: Equal Rights Regardless of Religion or Nationality / 16
The Ethnic-Americanization of the Germans / 19
Economic Self-Interest and Patriotism / 23
The Civil Religion Sanctifies the Civic Culture / 30
2. “Reinforcements to Republicanism”: Irish Catholic Response to the Civic Culture / 35
Guarding the Civic Culture: What to Do About Catholic Immigration / 37
The Irish Response: Americanization Through Politics / 42
The Civic Culture and the Irish / 49
3. More Slovenian and More American: How the Hyphen Unites / 54
Immigration from Southern and Eastern Europe / 55
Guarding the Gates: A Racial View of American Identity / 56
Efforts to Americanize the Newcomers / 61
Italians and Jews Claim Their American Identity / 67
Strengthening the Civic Culture Through Voluntary Pluralism / 69
TWO. OUTSIDE THE CIVIC CULTURE: THE COERCIVE PLURALISMS / 77
4. “Go Back to the Country from Whence You Came”: Predatory Pluralism and the Native American Response / 80
5. “This Fourth of July Is Yours”: African-Americans and Caste Pluralism / 87
The Early Agreement to Exclude Blacks from Participation in the Republic / 87
The Changing Nature of Caste After Emancipation / 94
The Depression: Tightening the Boundaries of Caste / 100
Black Political Action Before the Second World War / 105
6. “I Go Sad and Heavy Hearted”: Sojourner Pluralism for Asians and Mexicans / 110
Keeping Asian Sojourners in Their Place / 112
Mexican Sojourners: Turning the Spigot On and Off / 118
The Big Bracero Program / 122
7. “The Road of Hope”: Asians and Mexicans Find Cracks in the System / 128
Cracks in the System: The Chinese / 128
Cracks in the System: The Japanese / 131
Cracks in the System: The Mexicans / 134
Opportunities for Blacks and Asians and Mexicans Compared / 137
Ethnic Stratification: When Sojourners and Blacks Met / 145
THREE. THE OUTSIDERS MOVE IN: THE TRIUMPH OF THE CIVIC CULTURE / 149
8. “Do You Understand Your Own Language?”: Black Americans’ Attack on Caste / 151
Dismantling Caste in the Courts / 152
The Decline of Racial Ideology in the Second World War / 154
The Black Revolution, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Civil Religion / 158
The Civil Rights Revolution on Television / 159
Revolution in the Minds of Whites and Blacks / 163
The Presidential Response: Kennedy and Johnson / 165
The Battle of Selma / 169
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 / 171
9. “They Never Did Really See Me”: The Assertion of Black Ethnic Identity / 174
The Black Debate Over What to Call Themselves / 181
The Black Power Movement and Urban Riots / 184
10. “We Want Full Participation”: African-Americans and Coalition Politics / 190
Black Elected Officials and Coalition Politics / 192
Jesse Jackson’s Two Rainbows / 197
The Surge of Black Political Participation / 199
The End of Black Separatism as a Political Movement / 202
11. “We Have to Be Part of the Political System”: Redefining Tribal Pluralism / 206
Facilitating Indian Power: The Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 / 207
New Indian Policy Calling for Self-Determination / 210
Litigating and Negotiating the Boundaries of Tribal Pluralism / 214
Participating in the Political System / 217
The New Tribal Pluralism and the Issue of Sovereignty / 219
Being Indian and American / 222
12. “America Is in the Heart”: Asian Sojourners No Longer / 225
Loyalty and Fear: Japanese-Americans in the Second World War / 226
The Chinese and the Japanese Break the Barriers / 230
Asian-Americans and the Process of Ethnic-Americanization / 234
13. “Can’t They See? I Love This Country …”: Mexican-Americans and the Battle Against Sojourner Pluralism / 239
La Raza / 240
The Political Agenda of the 1960s and 1970s / 241
The Movement for Farm Workers’ Rights / 245
Curtailing the Flow of Illegal Aliens / 247
The 1979 Select Commission on Immigration and Refugee Policy / 250
The Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 / 252
The Fear of Mexican-American Separatism / 255
Increasing Success of Mexican-Americans in Politics / 257
Mexican-Americans and the Civic Culture / 262
FOUR. THE AMERICAN KALEIDOSCOPE: THE ETHNIC LANDSCAPE, 1970–1989 / 273
14. The Blood of All Nations: The Sources of Ethnicity Become Global / 275
Not a Melting Pot, a Kaleidoscope / 276
Loosened Restrictions Since 1965 / 278
Even More Diversity Than Meets the Eye / 283
15. “From the Mountains, to the Prairies, to the Oceans …”: The Spread of Ethnic Diversity / 289
Immigrants Come to the South / 290
The Wide Distribution of Asian Immigrants and Asian-Americans / 291
The Spread of Hispanics Throughout the U.S. / 293
The Internal Migration of African-Americans / 294
The Spread of American Indians / 295
Predominantly Black Cities / 296
The New Immigrant Cities / 298
Cities of Old Immigration / 302
World Cities / 303
16. Tacos and Kimchee: The Quickening Pace of Ethnic Interaction / 305
Arenas of Interaction: Multiethnic Neighborhoods and Ethnic Food / 309
Arenas of Interaction: The Churches / 311
Arenas of Interaction: The Schools / 312
Arenas of Interaction: Higher Education / 316
Arenas of Interaction: The Armed Services / 318
Arenas of Interaction: The Workplace / 319
Arenas of Interaction: Labor Unions and Social Service Agencies / 321
The American Multiethnic Consciousness / 323
17. The Kashaya and the Nyingma: Identities and Boundaries / 326
Permeable Ethnic Boundaries and Intermarriage / 327
The Reconfiguration of Ethnicity: Social Pressures and Individual Choice / 331
18. “The Wish of the Founding Fathers”: Third World Immigrants Embrace the Civic Culture / 340
Ethnic-Americanization: Religious, Fraternal, and Economic Associations / 342
Ethnic-Americanization and Ethnic Politics / 344
Cuban-Americans and the Civic Culture / 349
Haitian-Americans and the Civic Culture / 351
Indo-Chinese-Americans and the Civic Culture / 353
19. “All These … Are the Life Blood of America”: Celebrating Diversity / 359
Celebrating Diversity: Special Events of the 1980s / 365
Reinforcing the Unum: Immigrants Teach the Nation / 368
20. Xenophobia, Racism, and Bigotry: Conflict in the Kaleidoscope / 372
Hostility Toward Immigrants / 372
Blacks Versus Whites / 375
Changing Anti-Semitism / 377
FIVE. PLURALISM, PUBLIC POLICY, AND THE CIVIC CULTURE, 1970–1989 / 381
21. “Equal and Exact Justice”: The Civil Rights Compact / 384
The Civil Rights Compact and the Reagan Administration / 385
The Civil Rights Compact and the Courts / 388
The Civil Rights Compact and the Congress / 390
The Civil Rights Compact and Bigotry-Motivated Crimes / 391
The Civil Rights Compact: Education and Mediation / 395
Pluralism and the Etiquette of Public Discourse in the Civic Culture / 397
Expiating Past Bigotry: Symbolic Gestures / 403
22. “To Get Beyond Racism”: Integrating Education and Housing / 405
The Debate Over Counting by Race / 405
Counting by Race and Public School Desegregation / 409
Counting by Race and Integrating Housing / 416
23. “To Get Beyond Racism”: Political Access and Economic Opportunity / 425
Counting by Race and Equal Rights in Politics / 425
Counting by Race and Making a Living / 430
The Supreme Court on Counting by Race / 433
When Counting by Race Is Permissible / 434
When Counting by Race Is Impermissible / 438
The Results of Counting by Race / 442
Counting by Race and the Civic Culture / 444
Counting by Race and the Problem of Standards / 450
Who Should Be the Beneficiaries of Affirmative Action? / 453
24. Respecting Diversity, Promoting Unity: The Language Issue / 458
Linguistic Nationalism Versus Linguistic Pluralism / 460
The Civic Culture and Bilingual Education / 465
The Language Problem in Justice, Safety, Health, and Welfare / 469
The Importance of English in the Civic Culture / 470
25. Questions of Membership: Who Are the Outsiders? / 474
U.S. Immigration Policy in Contrast with Other Western Nations / 475
Blurring Distinctions Between Aliens and Citizens: Making Membership More Inclusive / 477
The New Black Middle Class / 482
The Black Urban Underclass / 484
The Puerto Rican Underclass / 489
Who Are the Outsiders? / 492
