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1 The registry data are far from ideal as they include only couples married in Anglican churches, an increasingly unrepresentative sample towards the end of the nineteenth century.

2 Macmillan said: ‘Go round the country, go to the industrial towns, go to the farms and you will see a state of prosperity such as we have never had in my lifetime – nor indeed in the history of this country.'

3 In later work, Crafts notes that while growth was relatively high in the UK in the 1950s and 1960s, the country fell behind competitor nations which grew much faster in the golden age period.

4 The phrase ‘a rising tide will lift all boats’ was used by President John F. Kennedy in 1963.

5 Room at the Top is a 1959 British film based on the novel of the same name by John Braine.

6 For more in-depth statistics see Elliot Major and Machin (2018).

7 Eyles and Machin (2019) study the new academies’ impact on pupil intake and performance.

8 Own calculations from General Household Survey (1980) and Labour Force Survey (2020).

9 ‘Social justice’ was seen as helping the many, not the few. Labour vowed to establish a Social Justice Commission instead of the Social Mobility Commission.