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Vocabulary

earth n. – Земля;

source n. – источник;

solar a. – солнечная система;

hydroelectric a. – гидроэлектрический;

fossil n. – ископаемое;

fuel n. – топливо;

trace v. – оставить след;

origin n. – 1) возникновение; 2) происхождение;

investigate v. – 1) исследовать; 2) расследовать;

motion n. – движение;

to develop v. – 1) развивать, разрабатывать; создавать;

2) проявлять(фото);

to expand v. – расширять (ся);

ability a. – способность;

capacity n. – 1) производительность; мощность; 2) способность;

location n. – местонахождение;

to lead (led) v. – вести, возглавлять; приводить к чему-либо;

major a. – главный, основной;

constraint n. – ограничение;

I. Practice pronunciation of the following words:

honors ['ɒnəz] motion ['məʊʃ(ə)n]

energy ['ɛnədʒi] principle ['prɪnsɪp(ə)l]

universe ['ju: nɪvə:s] serve [sə:v]

Earth [ə:θ] expand [ɪk'spand]

fossil ['fɒs(ə)l] capacity [kə'pasɪti ]

fuel ['fju:əl] position [pə'zɪʃ(ə)n]

eventually [ɪ'vɛntʃuəli] Greek [ɡri: k]

type [taɪp] dynamics [dʌɪ'namɪks]

II. Read and translate the words having the same root investigate – investigator – investigatory; varying – unvarying; serve – disserve – reserve – serving – server; expand – expanding – expanded – expander; ability – capability – disability – durability; capacity – capacitance – incapacity – capacitor – high-capacity; major – majority; location – dislocation – relocation; change – changeable – changeful – changeless – changing – changer; develop – developer – development – developing – developable.

III. Use adverbs to complete the sentences

1. The electrical phenomena show that there are two ions to the molecule, and that these ions are ___________ changed.

2. Atomic bomb reaches ground level as sticky, dark, __________radioactive weapon.

3. In a solid, atoms are ___________ attracted.

4. When a bomb explodes, it bursts____________ and with great force.

5. Molecules tend to move from places of high concentration to places of low concentration, just by moving ______________.

6. Atoms of gases are ____________ distributed.

IV. Mind the explanation of the following terms

Kinematics – the branch of mechanics which describes the motion of points, bodies.

Earth – this world; the planet that we live on.

Source – device that produces electricity.

Energy – the power from electricity, gas, coal, etc .that is used to make machines work and to make heat and light.

Kinetic – is energy of motion.

Solar power – (no plural) the sun and the planets that move around it.

Hydroelectric – using the power of water to produce electricity.

Fossil fuels – a part of a dead plant or an animal that has been in the ground for a very long time and has turned into rock.

Motion – (no plural) movement.

Dynamics – the branch of mechanics which describes state of motion (movements of specific objects).

V. Read and translate the text. Retell it in English

Kinematics

Motion always draws our attention. Motion itself can be beautiful, causing us to marvel at the forces needed to achieve spectacular motion, such as that of a dolphin jumping out of the water, or a pole vaulter, or the flight of a bird, or the orbit of a satellite. The study of motion is kinematics, but kinematics only describes the way objects move – their velocity and their acceleration. Dynamics considers the forces that affect the motion of moving objects and systems. Newton’s laws of motion are the foundation of dynamics. These laws provide an example of the breadth and simplicity of principles under which nature functions. They are also universal laws in that they apply to similar situations on Earth as well as in space.

Issac Newton’s (1642–1727) laws of motion were just one part of the monumental work that has made him legendary. The development of Newton’s laws marks the transition from the Renaissance into the modern era. This transition was characterized by a revolutionary change in the way people thought about the physical universe. For many centuries natural philosophers had debated the nature of the universe based largely on certain rules of logic with great weight given to the thoughts of earlier classical philosophers such as Aristotle (384–322 BC). Among the many great thinkers who contributed to this change were Newton and Galileo.

Galileo was instrumental in establishing observation as the absolute determinant of truth, rather than «logical» argument. Galileo’s use of the telescope was his most notable achievement in demonstrating the importance of observation. He discovered moons orbiting Jupiter and made other observations that were inconsistent with certain ancient ideas and religious dogma. For this reason, and because of the manner in which he dealt with those in authority, Galileo was tried by the Inquisition and punished. He spent the final years of his life under a form of house arrest. Because others before Galileo had also made discoveries by observing the nature of the universe, and because repeated observations verified those of Galileo, his work could not be suppressed or denied. After his death, his work was verified by others, and his ideas were eventually accepted by the church and scientific communities.

Galileo also contributed to the formation of what is now called Newton’s first law of motion. Newton made use of the work of his predecessors, which enabled him to develop laws of motion, discover the law of gravity, invent calculus, and make great contributions to the theories of light and color. It is amazing that many of these developments were made with Newton working alone, without the benefit of the usual interactions that take place among scientists today.

It was not until the advent of modern physics early in the 20th century that it was discovered that Newton’s laws of motion produce a good approximation to motion only when the objects are moving at speeds much, much less than the speed of light and when those objects are larger than the size of most molecules (about 10⁻⁹ m in diameter). These constraints define the realm of classical mechanics, as discussed in Introduction to the Nature of Science and Physics. At the beginning of the 20th century, Albert Einstein (1879–1955) developed the theory of relativity and, along with many other scientists, developed quantum theory. This theory does not have the constraints present in classical physics. All of the situations we consider in this chapter, and all those preceding the introduction of relativity in Special Relativity, are in the realm of classical physics.

Physics is a science about the energy in the universe, in all its various forms. Here on Earth, the source of our energy, directly or indirectly, is the sun. Solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, fossil fuels, we can eventually trace the origin of all energy on our planet back to our sun. So where do we start in our study of the universe?

Theoretically, we could start by investigating any of these types of energy. In reality, however, by starting with energy of motion (kinetic energy), we can develop a set of analytical problem solving skills from basic principles that will serve us well as we expand into our study of other types of energy.

For an object to have kinetic energy, it must be moving. Specifically:

If kinetic energy is energy of motion, and energy is the ability or capacity to do work (moving an object), then we can think of kinetic energy as the ability or capacity of a moving object to move another object.

But what does it mean to be in motion? A moving object has a varying position… its location changes as a function of time. So to understand kinetic energy, we'll need to better understand position and how position changes. This will lead us into our first major unit, kinematics, from the Greek word kinein, meaning to move. Formally, kinematics is the branch of physics dealing with the description of an object's motion, leaving the study of the «why» of motion to our next major topic, dynamics.

VI. Are the sentences true (T), false (F) or not given (NG)

1. Physics is a science studying kinetic energy.

2. The Sun is the source of our energy.

3. Due to the sun we can get solar power, wind power, hydroelectric power, and fossil fuels.

4. Energy that we get from the sun is expensive.

5. The object must not move to have kinetic energy.

6. A moving object’s location changes as a function of time.

7. The word kinematics is from the Greek word kinein, meaning to jump.

8. Kinematics is a branch of mathematics.

VII. Answer the questions on the text

1. What do you understand by Physics?

2. What sources of energy do you know?

3. What is the origin of the word ‘kinematics?

4. An astronaut drops a hammer from 2.0 meters above the surface of the Moon. If the acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is 1.62 meters per second2, how long will it take for the hammer to fall to the Moon’s surface?