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Figures

1: Freshwater Withdrawals in the PRC, by Sector, 1950-2010 5
2: Baseline Water Stress and Provincial Water Withdrawals in the PRC, by Sector, 2012 6
3: Primary Energy Supply in the PRC, 2000-2014 8
4: Major Coal Bases and Baseline Water Stress in the PRC 13
5: Water Use in Coal Mining in the PRC 14
6: Water Use in Oil Production in the PRC 20
7: Flow Diagram of Refining Process and Water Use in a Refinery with a Hydrocracker 21
8: Schematic Diagram of Water Use in Unconventional Natural Gas (Tight Gas and Shale Gas) Production 23
9: Shale Gas Plays and Baseline Water Stress in the PRC 25
10: Power Generation Mix of the PRC, 2014 27
11: Schematic Diagrams of Different Cooling Technologies Used in Thermal Power Plants 31
12: Trends in Power Generation and Associated Water Withdrawal in the PRC, 2000-2014 32
13: Water Withdrawal and Wastewater Factors for Power Plants in the PRC, 2000-2012 33
14: Cooling Technologies in the PRC Power Sector 33
15: Distribution of Cooling Technologies in the PRC, by Region, 2011 34
16: Share of Power Production, Water Withdrawal, and Consumption in PRC Totals, by Cooling Type, 2011 34
17: Water Withdrawal Intensity in the PRC, by Province, 2011 35
18: Water Consumption Intensity in the PRC, by Province, 2011 36
19: Share of Power Production, Water Withdrawal, and Consumption, by Region, 2011 36
20: Freshwater Withdrawal by the Power Sector in the PRC under the Various Reference Scenarios, 2020 and 2030 38
21: Water Consumption in the PRC, by Cooling Type, under the Various Reference Scenarios, 2020-2030 39
22: Water Resource Fees for Industrial Use 41
23: Proposed Hydropower Bases in the PRC 44
24: Schematic Diagram of Pumped Storage Hydropower Plant 47
25: Schematic Flow Diagram of Different Stages of Water Treatment 58
26: Schematic Diagram of a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant 59

Tables

1: Water Resource Distribution Between the Northern and Southern Regions of the PRC, 2014 3
2: Water Planning Guidelines 7
3: Hydropower Plants in the PRC, by Capacity 45
4: Energy Requirement of Different Desalination Technologies 55

Boxes

1: Definition of Terms 4
2: Classification of Produced Water in Coal Mining 15
3: Cooling Technologies Used in Thermal Power Plants in the PRC 29
4: Reference Scenarios for Water Withdrawal by the Power Sector in the PRC 37
5: Ningxia Water Right Transfer Scheme (Case Study) 40
6: The Three Gorges Hydropower Plant 46
7: The South-North Water Transfer Project in the PRC 52
8: Energy Consumption in Water Supply for Qingdao 56
Water–Energy Nexus in the People's Republic of China and Emerging Issues

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