Читать книгу The History of almost Everything. Practical guide of the eaters of Time - Lim Word - Страница 15

With the beginning of the Middle Ages, some historians associate changes in the calendar, up to the removal of three centuries from it. It is not so difficult to do this – only the monks could write and read, as well as some responsible persons under the kings. There was a ringing of swords everywhere – the people of philosophy did not indulge. In the seventh century there was only a little to correct the common, complex and incomprehensible Roman figures. So it is or not, it is still unknown, but it is clear that from the middle of the sixth century to the beginning of the tenth, there is a void in the calendar.

The Eastern Roman Empire flourishes until the thirteenth century, but history and development disappear in it, so that even the laziness of leafing through the biographies of its emperors is marked by provocations prepared for competitors rather than by great, if not always plausible, accomplishments.

At what time and where would you like to go? Ashur? Sparta? Ancient Rome? Where would be nice to your heart, what era will fill life with a special new meaning? Talk about the Time Machine is not at all empty. It, to some extent, already exists, it can be created – but for this people should have a conscious aspiration. The person has planned a carpet-plane, a magic mirror, – means of air transport and communications have appeared strictly according to these wishes. For any need necessarily there are methods of its implementation. But, it is necessary to prepare the soil. Express an urgent need for such a journey. Preliminary study of the subject of dreams.

People, that is, we, must remember and voice all the ancient languages. At one time I did a lot of work, finding in Wikipedia and other sections of the Internet samples of the sound of ancient words, texts with Russian transcription. Alas, there were usually textbooks and dictionaries for specialists, with numerous rules of conjugation, arranging the endings, syllabograms, and the most necessary and simple things were not found. I do not like the desire of some authors, at all costs get money for their research. Its very specific texts should be given, so that they are read by someone, rather than trying to get hold of.

Something was found. The Babylonian (Akkadian) language is very soft, affectionate, a kind of analogue of the present French, rightly revered by the language of love. Unlike, for example, the Old Assyrian language – terribly squeaky, hard, I would say, bony. So the ruler of Mordor, the Dark Lord could speak from the epic Tolkien.

Latin is wonderful. Unfortunately, again, there is no Russian transcription, even the most popular sayings. Authors writing about Medieval Europe, cramming in Latin on behalf of their learned husbands, disdain to give an example of their sounding in Russian. The hint that what they say, it would be nice to do so for the convenience of the reader, causes rejection. In order to get some idea of Latin, you can use a Google translator: this resource is able not only to translate, but also to sound, though without any expression.

Ave, Caesar, morituri te salutant – Ave Caesar, moritouri de salutant – Caesar, going to death, greet you!

Ave ac vale – Ave az (and) viale – Hello and goodbye.

Avibus bonis – Avibus bonis – In a good way (with good omens).

Bacchum Nymphis temperare – Bakum (a) him (y) fis tempera – Dilute wine with water.

Barba non facit philosophum – Barbara non fatip philosopher – Beard does not make a philosopher.

In nominee Patris, et Filii, et Spiritus Sancti. Amen. “In the name of Patrice, this filly at Spiritus Sancti.” Amen. – In the name of the Father and the Son, and the Holy Spirit. Amen.

Beati pauperes spiritu – Beati pauperis (e) spirit – Blessed are the poor in spirit

Beati possidentes – Beati posside (s) ntis – Happy possessing

Bellum internecivum – Bellum internet (i) vum – War before extermination

Bellum omnium contra omnes – Bellum omnium contra omnis – War of all against all

Bona fama divitiis est potior – Bona fama divitis est pot (and) or – Good fame is better than money

Bono sensu – Bono senseu – In a good way

Bonus ver semper tiro est – Bonus of the faith semper tiro est – A decent person is always a beginner (it’s easier to hold an honest one).

Bruta fulmina – Bruta fulmina – Empty Threats

Cadit quaestio – Quidstill quid – the question disappears

Caritas omnia credit – Caritas Omnia loan – Love for all believes

Caro est qui securis est – Caru est qui securis est – Who is with an ax, that’s with meat

Carpe diem – Carpe diem – Catch the day (time)

Casus incurabilis – Incasibillis incidents – Incurable case

Causa bibendi – Causa bibendi – the reason for drinking (celebration)

Causa finita est – Causa finita est – The question is settled

Causa justa – Causa Justa – A good reason

Censor morum – Censor morum – Warden of morals

Ceterum censeo – Chetverum chenseo – For all that, I think…

Cognatio spiritualis – Conniato Spiritualis – Spiritual affinity

Damnatus est – Domnatus est – Found guilty

Debes, ergo potes – Deibes, ergo poses – Must, then you can

Deus conservat omnia – Deus conservativ omnia – God preserves everything

Dictum factum – Dictum Factum – Said-done

Dura lex sed lex – Dura lex, sad leks – Surov law, but the law

Dignus est intrare – Dignews es intrate – Worthy to enter

Est deus in nobis – Est deus in noobis – God in us

If you want to get into some country, the situation, the circle of communication, the layer of Time, you need to surround yourself with things corresponding to them. And, even, put them in yourself; knowledge of languages, and cuisine will help.

Unfortunately, there are no restaurants of ancient recipes, I would have found the time to go there to try the Time itself for a taste. Cooking yourself? I was able to produce the likeness of the Lucas sausages, mentioned by Arbiter Petronius in the Satyricon. Dry sausage, crushed, filled with soy sauce, imitating an ancient sauce, created not from rotten rice, but rotting fish. That’s all. You can also add onions and peppers.

To get the famous Mulsum, he is drunk in the TV series “Spartacus. Gods of the Arena”, you need to mix the wine with honey in proportion from one fourth to the tenth. It is useful to reheat a little, for example, in a microwave oven, adding ginger, cloves and, or cinnamon. This is not mulled wine. This method allows even a cheap packet wine to get a pleasant, softening heart drink.

Pulse – thick, to the consistency of bread, porridge from polba, cooked on water or (sheep, goat) milk. Polbu can replace, in the near approximation, wheat.

Pisco – water with wine vinegar. In ordinary water, add the vinegar, so that it turned out a pleasant sour, but not acid, we put the crushed seeds of coriander. This is useful if you are not sure about the quality of water – vinegar kills germs. In some cases, the poska contains raw chicken eggs and honey.

…Before frying the meat, boil it. It is this way of cooking (in the absence of a sane dentistry) known to the ancient Roman cuisine.

So, we are waiting for the appearance of a dictionary with commonly used phrases, in all languages – I hope a philologist or linguist, this idea will interest. But the sound of the ancient language can not be accurately conveyed. The simplest example – Caesar – is “Caesar”, if you look even deeper – “Sise”. By the way, the word “king” came from the “ksar” – Caesar. It is necessary to eat what they give.

It would be good if archeologists found among the manuscripts, say, Ancient Babylon, a diary of a simple man. How would it look?

…I, Shuma Sin-or live on the very outskirts of Babylon. My house is a (description of rooms, kitchen, courtyard), I have to shoot it from Mr. Liblut. Today, overcoming the embarrassment, I went to the administrative building, which is located at the temple of the goddess Ishtar, to complain about the exorbitant rent. To put in order thoughts, strolled along the fortress wall. The guards are very friendly. They have a ceremonial form (description), because today payroll. On the way Nupta met, I tried to talk to her, but she, hardly glancing, passed by, probably hurried to (description of a local entertainment center for girls). Probably, this is because I have not enough money, but I need more (drawing of the monetary system, financial possibilities of worker Babylon).

Then I looked into the tavern to drink a strong beer and talk with Ea-iluta-bani, who knows everything about everything. I was alarmed by the excessively warlike moods of Egypt, but even more – by the neighboring Assyria, which intends to teach us a lesson, because we do not like all of its rough, over-the-counter aggressive hooligans. Drinks and food (a list of dishes) was served by Tabatum, which, if there are no more suitable candidates, I will make an offer.

…And, this sketch would be no less interesting, like the epic “Tale of Gilgamesh.”

The chance to know the world through an ordinary person from the past is quite high. Emotional charge from such a mental invasion can be obtained no less than at the entrance to the nervous system of a certain king. In any case, it is useful to have in your head a general picture of the structure of the main European dynasties. Let’s look at it, as if in the present, not changing, extended time.

We enter the Middle Ages, emerging in the nineteenth century, the era of science and the couple.

…The European Union began the Middle Ages. France, in the recent past, Gaul – the core of the ancient “EU”. Merovingians. The founder of the dynasty is the leader of the Merovei, who ruled the Franks from the beginning of the fourth century of our era. Grandson Chlodwig pushes the boundaries, produces sons, bequeaths everyone a fragment of his kingdom and tells him to live peacefully. Fighting with each other, offspring are accepted to unite their allotments. The winner again divides the state according to the number of male children. In the final of this production the true rulers of the country are accountants of the royal court, enterprising majordomo. One of them raises his heir, the future father of Charlemagne, the founder of the Carolingian dynasty (born 747) to the throne.

In the seventh century, Charles expands the empire, on four sides of the world, to modern Spain, the middle of Italy, the shores of Normandy and Poland, partly part of the Hun Empire.

After two hundred years, France, Italy, Germany gain independence, but still, they are considered a single Holy Roman Empire until the beginning of the nineteenth century, retain a cultural community, expose troops for the Crusades and repel the onslaught of the Ottoman Empire. Behind the behavior of the rulers is the Vatican, if the behavior of a certain king goes beyond the limits, the spiritual authority, in cooperation with other monarchs, can correct it.

…In France, after the childless king of Louis Fifth Caroling, Count Hugo Capet comes to power, having established the Capetian dynasty (kapa is the mantle of the priest, whom the nobleman loved to wear).

Capetip Philip the Fourth The most beautiful is best known for having crushed the first transnational corporation, the richest, somewhat isolated in the awareness of its own superiority, the Order of the Templars. He himself and his three sons after a short time, strangely die, leaving no direct heirs.

The cousin of Philip the Beautiful, Philip the Sixth French establishes the Valois dynasty, the younger branch of the Capetians, on the throne, but he has no sons, so to speak, initially, which is the reason for the beginning of the Hundred Years War.

A few more rulers of the Valois dynasty, and the hero of Dumas’ novels, Henry of Anjou, bursts into the stormy stream of history. His sister – Queen Margot (Margarita), extradited, one of the brothers – Charles Maximilian, he is the incumbent King Charles the Fourth, the mother is a connoisseur of poisons, the leading politician of Europe, Catherine de Medici. For a while, Henry of Anjou became a Polish king, preparing for a dynastic wedding on Anna Yagellonka, which, under a different scenario, could become the wife of Ivan the Terrible (who demanded many territories for dowry). But, having learned about the death of his brother Charles, he imperceptibly leaves his residence and hurries after the more prestigious French crown. In Paris, however, the candidature of the Catholic Duke Henry de Guise is now popular. Henry III succeeds in luring the brothers Gizov, the duke and bishop to negotiations, where they, along with bodyguards, are pierced with swords.

The troops of the two Heinrichs – Navarre (Bourbon), nominally become the husband of Margot and, at the same time, the Catholic, and Anjou, besiege Paris. The scout beats the knife of Henry III, only one movement interrupting the dynasty of Valois. A month later, the crowned Heinrich the Fourth of Navarre was already dying from the dagger of the fanatic Ravaglik. His own kingdom, Navarre (somewhere closer to Spain), is gradually strengthening in the composition of France. So, quite unexpectedly, the younger branch of the Capetians comes to power in France, the Bourbons (French “thrushes”). The son of Henry of Navarre, Louis the Thirteenth, also a famous hero of the novels of Dumas, after some time marries Anne of Austria, with him ruled by Cardinal Richelieu.

To consolidate the material, better immersion in History, we will sing the ancient Breton (Brittany – the region in the north of France) song. Her intricate, but sticky melody, you probably heard more than once:

Since the middle of the seventeenth century, more than seventy years, the sun-king is prospering on the throne of Louis the Fourteenth, known for his saying “The State is Me.” His son Louis the Fifteenth, is more famous for his mistress, charmer and, according to rumors, a true witch, the Marquise de Pompadour.

In the era of Louis Fifteenth in France begins the production of the first paper money.

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1. Symbol of the European Middle Ages, donjon (Fr. Donjon – “Lord’s Tower”, from medieval Latin “dominionus”). The central tower is placed in the castle walls, or separately, serves, as a rule, as a storehouse of weapons and food supplies, includes a well but, above all, is a symbol of the domination of a dynasty or a certain community over a given territory. In Japan at that time, the analogue of the donjon is the Tenshu castle (the Protector of Heaven), in the Muslim world – a rectangular dwelling-fortress called ribat (an Arab “hotel”), often becoming a haven of Islamic monks – the Sufis.

2. Philip the Fourth Beautiful, 1268—1314. In 1313 he defeated the Knights Templar; in France, 538 knights were arrested, and Cyprus – 75. They fought and were defeated, 25 knights of the island of Mallorca. Also subjected to repression are 20,000 employees of the Order, servants and squires. A year after the accident on the hunt, perhaps from a stroke, he himself dies, not so handsome as the greedy, French king

3. Marguerite de Valois (Fr Marguerite de Valois), she is “Queen Margot”, the daughter of Henry II and Catherine de “Medici, 1553—1615 g. Was married on August 18, 1572 for the 18-year-old Henry de Bourbon, King of Navarre, one of the leaders of Protestants. The wedding passed to the St. Bartholomew’s Night in six days, Margarita refused to formalize the divorce under the vehement pressure of her relatives, thereby saving her husband and several other nobles. She died of pneumonia, surrounded by friends – poets, musicians and scientists.

4. Catherine di Romolo de Medici, daughter of the Duke and Countess of Florence, Queen of France from 1547 to 1559, the most powerful woman (or rather, ruler) in Europe of the sixteenth century.

In the circle of her communication is the most famous doctor, astrologer, fortuneteller Michel Nostradamus. His own drugs, according to rumors, help, who thought the barren, barren, to become pregnant. In total, she has 10 children, up to 62, quite a respectable age, Marguerite lives out.

The “black queen” is dying (Catherine did not remove mourning for thirty years, since the death of her husband in a knight tournament) from pleurisy, at the age of 70.

5. Henry the Third, Anjou, the beloved son of Catherine de Medici, the last monarch of France of the Valois dynasty, also the king of Poland and the Grand Duke of Lithuania.

6. Henry the Fourth (Henri IV) of Navarre, Bourbon, King of France, the husband of Marguerite Valois. With age, his features become less severe than in a rebellious youth. Accepted Catholicism; Henry is credited with the famous expression “Paris is worth the mass.” In the memory of the people remained as “le bon roi Henri” – “Good King Henri”.

7. Cardinal Armand Jean du Plussi Richelieu, the hero of the novels of Dumas, (1585 – 1642).

8. Louis the Fourteenth, Bourbon, “The King-Sun” (1643 – 1715). Despite his love, he has only one legitimate son, married to Maria Theresa of Spain (the daughter of the Spanish king). Louis the Great Dauphin dies under rather mysterious circumstances in 1711, at the height of the struggle for the Spanish inheritance (theoretically, he united the crowns of France and Spain). Equally unintelligible, officially from measles, aggravated by profuse bloodletting, other heirs to the throne also perish. In the end, it survives, the French throne is occupied only by the great-grandson of “The Sun King”, Louis the Fifteenth (Beloved).

9.10. The first paper (European) money, the bank of Stockholm, 1666. Banknotes are successful, primarily in England, where, by the time (1694), the oldest in the world, the crediting government (private) bank appears. “Monetary factory” massively issues notes worth from 5 to 100 pounds, as well as bills (as the only legitimate payment and credit documents). Here (10) is a denomination of the 1814 sample. The design, as well as the way these bills work, are quite similar. England has the opportunity to collect military coalitions in continental Europe, to attack their enemies with them, and to pay for their blood with new lots of colored paper.

At that time there is still no clear understanding of the fact that paper notes can not be issued indefinitely. Their first printer in France, John Lowe, has to flee the country (1720), after, due to a natural or artificial breakdown of the system, the population undergoes a three-fold poor turnaround (while maintaining the infrastructure of production of material goods). After the final awareness of the need to limit emissions, remove all external obstacles, paper money becomes a very popular means of payment.

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1. Marie Antoinette of Habsburg-Lorraine, the youngest daughter of Emperor Franz I. and Maria Theresa (1755 – 1793). The main meaning of existence is all kinds of entertainment; gambling, skating, balls. Decapitated by the Convention, buried in the same place where 139 people were found dead, who died once at her stormy wedding.

2. Louis Karl (Louis-Charles) The seventeenth, the Dauphin (the descendant of the reigning king) of France (1785 – 1795). According to some rumors, the son of a monarch suffering from phimosis is not. He is brought up in a foster family of workers, then placed in the Temple (prison) where he dies of tuberculosis and malnutrition.

3. Marat Jean-Paul, “Friend of the people” (1743 – 1793). Pinned in his own bath, the aristocrat Charlotte Corday, allegedly brought to the signature of new rescriptive lists. The main idea carried by the former physician to the masses: “when a person lacks everything, he has the right to take away from another the excess surplus he has…”

4. Maximilian Robespierre, who is also “Incorruptible” and “Mad Hyena” (1758 – 1794). The seventeen-year-old boy read out a greeting to the king and queen of France, later – the death sentence, in the style: “To the republic live, Louis must die.” The founder of the “Great Terror.” Guillotineed by his own Convention, without trial and effect, as a result of some sudden vague changes in the mood of the masses, or a conspiracy of Englishmen who submitted rescriptions to interested persons, is not exactly known. Until now, in France, there is not one street bearing the name of Robespierre, and not a single monument.

5. Georges Jacques Dunton, Attorney, Minister of Justice of the First French Republic, Chairman of the Committee of Public Salvation (1759 – 1794). Executed by the Convent, then run by M. Robespierre, a former comrade-in-arms and friend. The accusation is not brought, the main meaning is some “softness” of the minister.

Louis XVI long delayed the reforms, called, at last, to collect taxes from the nobility and the clergy. Infinitely maneuvering between estates, sometimes simply ignoring the realities, he finally becomes entangled in everything, throws the steering wheel of state administration. After the capture of the Bastille, the king is condemned by the national Convention, is guillotined along with his wife Maria Antoinette, who quite frivolously offered the hungry people, with a general lack of bread, there are cookies. Execution of the Queen especially does not like the German (all-European) dynasty of the Habsburgs, whose representative is Antoinette Habsburg-Lorraine. The last direct heir of the Bourbons, recognized by all the monarchies of Europe as King Louis XVII, dies of malnutrition and maltreatment, ten years old.