Читать книгу Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology - Lynne Shore Garcia - Страница 5
Contents
ОглавлениеSECTION 1 Philosophy and Approach to Diagnostic Parasitology
Why Perform This Type of Testing?
Who Should Perform Diagnostic Parasitology Testing?
Where Should Diagnostic Parasitology Testing Be Performed?
Outpatient or Referral Setting
Over-the-Counter (Home Care) Testing
What Factors Should Precipitate Testing?
Contact with Infected Individuals
What Testing Should Be Performed?
Other (Nonmicrobiological) Testing
What Factors Should Be Considered When Developing Test Menus?
Customer Requirements and Perceived Levels of Service
Personnel Availability and Level of Expertise
Risk Management Issues Associated with STAT Testing
Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis
Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis and Amebic Keratitis
SECTION 2 Parasite Classification and Relevant Body Sites
Table 2.1 Classification of Human Parasites
Table 2.2 Cosmopolitan Distribution of Common Parasitic Infections
Table 2.3 Body Sites and Possible Parasites Recovered
Collection of Fresh Stool Specimens
Number of Specimens To Be Collected
Specimen Type, Stability, and Need for Preservation
Preservation of Stool Specimens
Sodium Acetate-Acetic Acid-Formalin (SAF)
Modified PVA (Mercury Substitutes)
Single-Vial Collection Systems (Other Than SAF)
Quality Control for Preservatives
Procedure Notes for Use of Preservatives (Stool Fixative Collection Vials)
Procedure Limitations for Use of Preservatives (Stool Fixative Collection Vials)
STAT Test Requests and Risk Management Issues
Collection of Specimens from Other Body Sites
Table 3.1 Fecal Specimens for Parasites: Options for Collection and Processing
Table 3.2 Approaches to Stool Parasitology: Test Ordering
Table 3.3 Preservatives and Procedures Commonly Used in Diagnostic Parasitology (Stool Specimens)
Table 3.4 Advantages of Thin and Thick Blood Films
Table 3.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Buffy Coat Films
Table 3.7 Body Sites and Possible Parasites Recovered
SECTION 4 Specimen Test Options: Routine Diagnostic Methods and Body Sites
Ova and Parasite Examination of Stool Specimens
Other Diagnostic Methods for Stool Specimens
Culture of Larval-Stage Nematodes
Estimation of Worm Burdens through Egg Counts
Hatching Test for Schistosome Eggs
Screening Stool Samples for Recovery of a Tapeworm Scolex
Testing of Other Intestinal Tract Specimens
Duodenal Capsule Technique (Entero-Test)
QBC Microhematocrit Centrifugation Method
Animal Inoculation and Xenodiagnosis
Antibody and Antigen Detection
Antigen Detection and Nucleic Acid-Based Tests
Table 4.1 Body Site, Procedures and Specimens, Recommended Methods and Relevant Parasites, and Comments
Table 4.2 Serologic, Antigen, and Probe Tests Used in the Diagnosis of Parasitic Infections
SECTION 5 Specific Test Procedures and Algorithms
SEDIMENTATION CONCENTRATION (Formalin-Ethyl Acetate)
FLOTATION CONCENTRATION (Zinc Sulfate)
Stains Used in the Permanent Stained Smear
TRICHROME STAIN (Wheatley’s Method)
IRON HEMATOXYLIN STAIN (Spencer-Monroe Method)
IRON HEMATOXYLIN STAIN (Tompkins-Miller Method)
MODIFIED IRON HEMATOXYLIN STAIN (Incorporating the Carbol Fuchsin Step)
Specialized Stains for Coccidia and Microsporidia
KINYOUN’S ACID-FAST STAIN (Cold Method)
MODIFIED ZIEHL-NEELSEN ACID-FAST STAIN (Hot Method)
CARBOL FUCHSIN NEGATIVE STAIN FOR CRYPTOSPORIDIUM (W. L. Current)
RAPID SAFRANIN METHOD FOR CRYPTOSPORIDIUM (D. Baxby)
RAPID SAFRANIN METHOD FOR CYCLOSPORA, USING A MICROWAVE OVEN (Govinda Visvesvara)
AURAMINE O STAIN FOR COCCIDIA (Thomas Hänscheid)
MODIFIED TRICHROME STAIN FOR MICROSPORIDIA (Weber, Green Counterstain)
MODIFIED TRICHROME STAIN FOR MICROSPORIDIA (Ryan, Blue Counterstain)
MODIFIED TRICHROME STAIN FOR MICROSPORIDIA (Evelyn Kokoskin, Hot Method)
Fecal Immunoassays for Intestinal Protozoa
Comments on the Performance of Fecal Immunoassays
HARADA-MORI FILTER PAPER STRIP CULTURE
AGAR PLATE CULTURE FOR STRONGYLOIDES STERCORALIS
Other Methods for Gastrointestinal Tract Specimens
EXAMINATION FOR PINWORM (Cellulose Tape Preparations)
SIGMOIDOSCOPY SPECIMENS (Direct Wet Smear)
SIGMOIDOSCOPY SPECIMENS (Permanent Stained Smear)
Methods for Urogenital Tract Specimens
URINE CONCENTRATION (Centrifugation)
URINE CONCENTRATION (Nuclepore Membrane Filter)
COMBINATION THICK-THIN BLOOD FILMS
MEMBRANE FILTRATION CONCENTRATION
Algorithm 5.1 Procedure for Processing Fresh Stool for the O&P Examination
Algorithm 5.2 Procedure for Processing Liquid Specimens for the O&P Examination
Algorithm 5.3 Procedure for Processing Preserved Stool for the O&P Examination—Two-Vial Collection Kit
Algorithm 5.4 Procedure for Processing SAF-Preserved Stool for the O&P Examination
Algorithm 5.5 Use of Various Fixatives and Their Recommended Stains
Algorithm 5.6 Ordering Algorithm for Laboratory Examination for Intestinal Parasites
Algorithm 5.7 Procedure for Processing Blood Specimens for Examination
Table 5.1 Body Site, Specimen, and Recommended Stain(s)
Table 5.2 Approaches to Stool Parasitology: Test Ordering
Table 5.3 Laboratory Test Reports: Optional Comments
Table 5.4 Parasitemia Determined from Conventional Light Microscopy: Clinical Correlation
SECTION 6 Commonly Asked Questions about Diagnostic Parasitology
SECTION 7 Parasite Identification
Entamoeba gingivalis, Entamoeba polecki
Enteromonas hominis, Retortamonas intestinalis
Isospora (Cystoisospora) belli
Encephalitozoon intestinalis, Encephalitozoon spp.
Flagellates (Blood and Tissue)
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (West), T. brucei rhodesiense (East)
Acanthamoeba spp., Balamuthia mandrillaris, Sappinia diploidea
Flagellates (Other Body Sites)
Necator americanus, Ancylostoma duodenale (Hookworms)
Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum (Dog and Cat Hookworms)
Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati (Dog and Cat Ascarid Worms)
Paragonimus westermani, Paragonimus mexicanus, Paragonimus kellicotti
Clonorchis sinensis (Opisthorchis sinensis)
Schistosoma spp. (S. mansoni, S. haematobium, S. japonicum, S. mekongi, S. intercalatum)
Identification Keys 8.1 to 8.4
Figures 8.1 to 8.3
