Читать книгу Practical Guide to Diagnostic Parasitology - Lynne Shore Garcia - Страница 70
Suggested Reading
ОглавлениеBeaver, C. B., R. C. Jung, and E. W. Cupp. 1984. Clinical Parasitology. Lea & Febiger, Philadelphia, PA.
Garcia, L. S. 2007. Diagnostic Medical Parasitology, 5th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Gibson, D. I. 1998. Nature and classification of parasitic helminths, p. 453–479. In L. Collier, A. Balows, and M. Susman (ed.), Topley & Wilson’s Microbiology and Microbial Infections, 9th ed. Oxford University Press, New York, NY.
Goddard, J. 2007. Arthropods of Medical Importance, 5th ed. CRC Press, New York, NY.
Murray, P. R., E. J. Baron, J. H. Jorgensen, M. L. Landry, and M. A. Pfaller (ed.). 2007. Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 9th ed. ASM Press, Washington, DC.
Table 2.1 Classification of human parasites
| Protozoa | ||||
| Amebae (intestinal) | ||||
| Entamoeba histolytica | ||||
| Entamoeba dispar a | ||||
| Entamoeba hartmanni | ||||
| Entamoeba coli | ||||
| Entamoeba polecki | ||||
| Endolimax nana | ||||
| Iodamoeba bütschlii | ||||
| Blastocystis hominis | ||||
| Flagellates (intestinal) | ||||
| Giardia lamblia b | ||||
| Chilomastix mesnili | ||||
| Dientamoeba fragilis | ||||
| Pentatrichomonas hominis | ||||
| Enteromonas hominis | ||||
| Retortamonas intestinalis | ||||
| Ciliates (intestinal) | ||||
| Balantidium coli | ||||
| Coccidia, microsporidia (intestinal) | ||||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | ||||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | ||||
| Cryptosporidium spp. | ||||
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | ||||
| Isospora belli | ||||
| Sarcocystis hominis | ||||
| Sarcocystis suihominis | ||||
| Sarcocystis “lindemanni” | ||||
| Microsporidia | ||||
| Enterocytozoon bieneusi | ||||
| Encephalitozoon intestinalis | ||||
| Sporozoa, flagellates (blood, tissue) | ||||
| Sporozoa (malaria and babesiosis) | ||||
| Plasmodium vivax | ||||
| Plasmodium ovale | ||||
| Plasmodium malariae | ||||
| Plasmodium falciparum | ||||
| Plasmodium knowlesi | ||||
| Babesia spp. | ||||
| Flagellates (leishmaniae, trypanosomes) | ||||
| Old World Leishmania species | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) tropica | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) major | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) aethiopica | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) donovani | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) archibaldi | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum | ||||
| New World Leishmania species | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) mexicana | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) pifanoi | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) garnhami | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) venezuelensis | ||||
| Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) colombiensis | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) guyanensis | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) lainsoni | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) naiffi | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) panamensis | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) peruviana | ||||
| Leishmania (Viannia) shawi | ||||
| Old World Trypanosoma species | ||||
| Trypanosoma brucei gambiense | ||||
| Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense | ||||
| New World Trypanosoma | ||||
| species | ||||
| Trypanosoma cruzi | ||||
| Trypanosoma rangeli | ||||
| Amebae, flagellates (other body sites) | ||||
| Amebae | ||||
| Naegleria fowleri | ||||
| Acanthamoeba spp. | ||||
| Hartmanella spp. | ||||
| Balamuthia mandrillaris | ||||
| Sappinia diploidea | ||||
| Entamoeba gingivalis | ||||
| Flagellates | ||||
| Trichomonas vaginalis | ||||
| Trichomonas tenax | ||||
| Coccidia, sporozoa, microsporidia (other body sites) | ||||
| Coccidia | ||||
| Toxoplasma gondii | ||||
| Microsporidia | ||||
| Nosema ocularum | ||||
| Pleistophora spp. | ||||
| Pleistophora ronneafiei | ||||
| Trachipleistophora hominis | ||||
| Trachipleistophora anthropophthera | ||||
| Brachiola vesicularum | ||||
| Brachiola (Nosema) algerae | ||||
| Brachiola (Nosema) connori | ||||
| Encephalitozoon cuniculi | ||||
| Encephalitozoon intestinalis | ||||
| Encephalitozoon hellem | ||||
| Enterocytozoon bieneusi | ||||
| Vittaforma corneae (Nosema corneum) | ||||
| Microsporidium c | ||||
| Nematodes (roundworms) | ||||
| Intestinal | ||||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | ||||
| Enterobius vermicularis | ||||
| Ancylostoma duodenale | ||||
| Necator americanus | ||||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | ||||
| Strongyloides fuelleborni | ||||
| Trichostrongylus colubriformis | ||||
| Trichostrongylus orientalis | ||||
| Trichostrongylus spp. | ||||
| Trichuris trichiura | ||||
| Capillaria philippinensis | ||||
| Tissue | ||||
| Trichinella spiralis | ||||
| Trichinella spp. (T. britovi, T. murrelli, T. nativa, T. nelsoni, T. papuae, T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabwensis) | ||||
| Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati (visceral larva migrans) | ||||
| Toxocara canis, Toxocara cati (ocular larva migrans) | ||||
| Ancylostoma braziliense, Ancylostoma caninum (cutaneous larva migrans) | ||||
| Dracunculus medinensis | ||||
| Angiostrongylus cantonensis | ||||
| Angiostrongylus costaricensis | ||||
| Gnathostoma spinigerum | ||||
| Anisakis spp. (larvae from saltwater fish) | ||||
| Phocanema spp. (larvae from saltwater fish) | ||||
| Contracaecum spp. (larvae from saltwater fish) | ||||
| Hysterothylacium | ||||
| Porrocaecum spp. | ||||
| Capillaria hepatica | ||||
| Thelazia spp. | ||||
| Ternidens diminutus | ||||
| Blood and tissues (filarial worms) | ||||
| Wuchereria bancrofti | ||||
| Brugia malayi | ||||
| Brugia timori | ||||
| Loa loa | ||||
| Onchocerca volvulus | ||||
| Mansonella ozzardi | ||||
| Mansonella streptocerca | ||||
| Mansonella perstans | ||||
| Dirofilaria immitis (usually lung lesion; in dogs, heartworm) | ||||
| Dirofilaria spp. (D. tenuis, may be found in subcutaneous nodules) | ||||
| Cestodes (tapeworms) | ||||
| Intestinal | ||||
| Diphyllobothrium latum | ||||
| Diplogonoporus spp. | ||||
| Dipylidium caninum | ||||
| Hymenolepis nana | ||||
| Hymenolepis diminuta | ||||
| Taenia solium | ||||
| Taenia saginata | ||||
| Tissue (larval forms) | ||||
| Taenia solium | ||||
| Echinococcus granulosus | ||||
| Echinococcus multilocularis | ||||
| Echinococcus vogeli | ||||
| Echinococcus oligarthrus | ||||
| Multiceps multiceps | ||||
| Spirometra mansonoides | ||||
| Diphyllobothrium spp. | ||||
| Trematodes (flukes) | ||||
| Intestinal | ||||
| Fasciolopsis buski | ||||
| Echinostoma ilocanum | ||||
| Echinochasmus perfoliatus | ||||
| Heterophyes heterophyes | ||||
| Metagonimus yokogawai | ||||
| Gastrodiscoides hominis | ||||
| Phaneropsolus bonnei | ||||
| Prosthodendrium molenkempi | ||||
| Spelotrema brevicaeca | ||||
| Plagiochis spp. | ||||
| Neodiplostomum seoulense | ||||
| Liver and lungs | ||||
| Clonorchis (Opisthorchis) sinensis | ||||
| Opisthorchis viverrini | ||||
| Opisthorchis felineus | ||||
| Dicrocoelium dendriticum | ||||
| Fasciola hepatica | ||||
| Fasciola gigantica | ||||
| Paragonimus westermani | ||||
| Paragonimus mexicanus | ||||
| Paragonimus kellicotti | ||||
| Paragonimus africanus | ||||
| Paragonimus uterobilateralis | ||||
| Paragonimus miyazakii | ||||
| Paragonimus caliensis | ||||
| Blood | ||||
| Schistosoma mansoni | ||||
| Schistosoma haematobium | ||||
| Schistosoma japonicum | ||||
| Schistosoma intercalatum | ||||
| Schistosoma mekongi | ||||
| Schistosoma malayi | ||||
| Schistosoma mattheei | ||||
| Pentastomids (tongue worms)d | ||||
| Tissue (larval forms) | ||||
| Armillifer spp. | ||||
| Linguatula serrata | ||||
| Sebekia spp. | ||||
| Nasopharyngeal tissue | ||||
| Armillifer spp. | ||||
| Linguatula serrata | ||||
| Acanthocephalans (Thorny-headed worms) | ||||
| Intestine | ||||
| Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus | ||||
| Moniliformis moniliformis | ||||
| Arthropods | ||||
| Arachnida | ||||
| Scorpions | ||||
| Spiders (black widow, brown recluse) | ||||
| Ticks (Dermacentor, Ixodes, Argas, Ornithodoros) | ||||
| Mites (Sarcoptes) | ||||
| Crustacea | ||||
| Copepods (Cyclops) | ||||
| Crayfish, lobsters, crabs | ||||
| Pentastomida (classification under review) | ||||
| Tongue worms | ||||
| Diplopoda | ||||
| Millipedes | ||||
| Chilopoda | ||||
| Centipedes | ||||
| Insecta | ||||
| Phthiraptera: lice (Pediculus, Phthirus) | ||||
| Blatteria: cockroaches | ||||
| Hemiptera: true bugs (Triatoma) | ||||
| Coleoptera: beetles | ||||
| Hymenoptera: bees, wasps, etc. | ||||
| Lepidoptera: butterflies, caterpillars, moths, etc. | ||||
| Diptera: flies, mosquitoes, gnats, midges (Phlebotomus, Aedes, Anopheles, Glossina, Simulium, etc.) | ||||
| Siphonaptera: fleas (Pulex, Xenopsylla, etc.) |
aEntamoeba histolytica is used to designate the true pathogenic species, while E. dispar is now being used to designate the nonpathogenic species. However, unless trophozoites containing ingested red blood cells (E. histolytica) are seen, the two organisms cannot be differentiated on the basis of morphology seen in the permanent stained smears of fecal specimens. Fecal immunoassays are available for detecting the E. histolytica/E. dispar group or for differentiating the two species.
bAlthough some individuals have changed the species designation for the genus Giardia to G. intestinalis or G. duodenalis, there is no general agreement. Therefore, for this listing, the name Giardia lamblia will be retained.
cThis designation is not a true genus, but a “catch-all” for those organisms that have not been (or may never be) identified to the genus and/or species levels. However, it is now listed as one of the genera of microsporidia infecting humans.
dSee the section on arthropods, below.
Table 2.2 Cosmopolitan distribution of common parasitic infections (North America, Mexico, Central America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, and Oceania)
| Protozoa | ||
| Intestinal | ||
| Blastocystis hominis | ||
| Cryptosporidium parvum | ||
| Cryptosporidium hominis | ||
| Cyclospora cayetanensis | ||
| Dientamoeba fragilis | ||
| Entamoeba histolytica | ||
| Entamoeba dispar a | ||
| Giardia lamblia | ||
| Isospora belli | ||
| Microsporidia | ||
| Tissue | ||
| Toxoplasma gondii | ||
| Microsporidia | ||
| Other | ||
| Acanthamoeba spp. | ||
| Microsporidia | ||
| Naegleria fowleri | ||
| Trichomonas vaginalis | ||
| Cestodes | ||
| Hymenolepis nana | ||
| Taenia saginata | ||
| Nematodes | ||
| Intestinal | ||
| Ascaris lumbricoides | ||
| Enterobius vermicularis | ||
| Hookworm | ||
| Strongyloides stercoralis | ||
| Trichuris trichiura | ||
| Tissue | ||
| Trichinella spp. |
aEntamoeba histolytica is being used to designate the true pathogenic species, while E. dispar is now being used to designate the nonpathogenic species. However, unless trophozoites containing ingested red blood cells (E. histolytica) are seen, the two organisms cannot be differentiated on the basis of morphology in the permanent stained smear. Fecal immunoassays are available for detecting the Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar group or for differentiating the two species.
Table 2.3 Body sites and possible parasites recovered (trophozoites, cysts, oocysts, spores, adults, larvae, eggs, amastigotes, and trypomastigotes)a
