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[print edition page vii]

CONTENTS

PUBLISHER’S PREFACE

FOREWORD BY F.A. HAYEK

PREFACE TO THE SECOND ENGLISH EDITION (1951)

TRANSLATOR’S NOTE (1936)

PREFACE TO THE SECOND GERMAN EDITION (1932)

INTRODUCTION

1 The success of socialist ideas

2 The scientific analysis of Socialism

3 Alternative modes of approach to the analysis of Socialism

PART I LIBERALISM AND SOCIALISM

CHAPTER 1—OWNERSHIP

1 The nature of ownership

2 Violence and contract

3 The theory of violence and the theory of contract

4 Collective ownership of the means of production

5 Theories of the evolution of property

CHAPTER 2—SOCIALISM

1 The state and economic activity

2 The “fundamental rights” of socialist theory

3 Collectivism and Socialism

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CHAPTER 3—THE SOCIAL ORDER AND THE POLITICAL CONSTITUTION

1 The policy of violence and the policy of contract

2 The social function of democracy

3 The ideal of equality

4 Democracy and social-democracy

5 The political constitution of socialist communities

CHAPTER 4—THE SOCIAL ORDER AND THE FAMILY

1 Socialism and the sexual problem

2 Man and woman in the age of violence

3 Marriage under the influence of the idea of contract

4 The problems of married life

5 Free love

6 Prostitution

PART II THE ECONOMICS OF A SOCIALIST COMMUNITY

I. The Economics of an Isolated Socialist Community

CHAPTER 5—THE NATURE OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY

1 A contribution to the critique of the concept “economic activity”

2 Rational action

3 Economic calculation

4 The capitalist economy

5 The narrower concept of the “economic”

CHAPTER 6—THE ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION UNDER SOCIALISM

1 The socialization of the means of production

2 Economic calculation in the socialist community

3 Recent socialist doctrines and the problems of economic calculation

4 The artificial market as the solution of the problem of economic calculation

5 Profitability and productivity

6 Gross and net product

CHAPTER 7—THE DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME

1 The nature of distribution under Liberalism and Socialism

2 The social dividend

3 The principles of distribution

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4 The process of distribution

5 The costs of distribution

CHAPTER 8—THE SOCIALIST COMMUNITY UNDER STATIONARY CONDITIONS

1 Stationary conditions

2 The disutilities and satisfactions of labour

3 The “joy of labour”

4 The stimulus to labour

5 The productivity of labour

CHAPTER 9—THE POSITION OF THE INDIVIDUAL UNDER SOCIALISM

1 Selection of personnel and choice of occupation

2 Art and literature, science and journalism

3 Personal liberty

CHAPTER 10—SOCIALISM UNDER DYNAMIC CONDITIONS

1 The nature of the dynamic forces

2 Changes in population

3 Changes in demand

4 Changes in the amount of capital

5 The element of change in the socialist economy

6 Speculation

7 Joint stock companies and the socialist economy

CHAPTER 11—THE IMPRACTICABILITY OF SOCIALISM

1 The fundamental problems of a socialist economy under conditions of change

2 Attempted solutions

3 Capitalism the only solution

II. The Foreign Relations of a Socialist Community

CHAPTER 12—NATIONAL SOCIALISM AND WORLD SOCIALISM

1 The spatial extent of the socialist community

2 Marxian treatment of this problem

3 Liberalism and the problem of the frontiers

CHAPTER 13—THE PROBLEM OF MIGRATION UNDER SOCIALISM

1 Migration and differences in national conditions

2 The tendency towards decentralization under Socialism

CHAPTER 14—FOREIGN TRADE UNDER SOCIALISM

1 Autarky and Socialism

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2 Foreign trade under Socialism

3 Foreign investment

III. Particular Forms of Socialism and Pseudo-Socialism

CHAPTER 15—PARTICULAR FORMS OF SOCIALISM

1 The nature of Socialism

2 State Socialism

3 Military Socialism

4 Christian Socialism

5 The planned economy

6 Guild Socialism

CHAPTER 16—PSEUDO-SOCIALIST SYSTEMS

1 Solidarism

2 Various proposals for expropriation

3 Profit-sharing

4 Syndicalism

5 Partial Socialism

PART III THE ALLEGED INEVITABILITY OF SOCIALISM

I. Social Evolution

CHAPTER 17—SOCIALISTIC CHILIASM

1 The origin of Chiliasm

2 Chiliasm and social theory

CHAPTER 18—SOCIETY

1 The nature of society

2 The division of labour as the principle of social development

3 Organism and organization

4 The individual and society

5 The development of the division of labour

6 Changes in the individual in society

7 Social regression

8 Private property and social evolution

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CHAPTER 19—CONFLICT AS A FACTOR IN SOCIAL EVOLUTION

1 The cause of social evolution

2 Darwinism

3 Conflict and competition

4 National war

5 Racial war

CHAPTER 20—THE CLASH OF CLASS INTERESTS AND THE CLASS WAR

1 The concept of class and of class conflict

2 Estates and classes

3 Class war

4 The forms of class war

5 Class war as a factor in social evolution

6 The theory of the class war and the interpretation of history

7 Summary

CHAPTER 21—THE MATERIALIST CONCEPTION OF HISTORY

1 Thought and being

2 Science and Socialism

3 The psychological presuppositions of Socialism

II. The Concentration of Capital and the Formation of Monopolies as Preliminary Steps to Socialism

CHAPTER 22—THE PROBLEM

1 The Marxian theory of concentration

2 The theory of anti-monopolistic policy

CHAPTER 23—THE CONCENTRATION OF ESTABLISHMENTS

1 The concentration of establishments as the complement of the division of labour

2 The optimal size of establishments in primary production and in transport

3 The optimal size of establishments in manufacturing

CHAPTER 24—THE CONCENTRATION OF ENTERPRISES

1 The horizontal concentration of enterprises

2 The vertical concentration of enterprises

CHAPTER 25—THE CONCENTRATION OF FORTUNES

1 The problem

2 The foundation of fortunes outside the market economy

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3 The formation of fortunes within the market economy

4 The theory of increasing poverty

CHAPTER 26—MONOPOLY AND ITS EFFECTS

1 The nature of monopoly and its significance for the formation of prices

2 The economic effects of isolated monopolies

3 The limits of monopoly formation

4 The significance of monopoly in primary production

PART IV SOCIALISM AS A MORAL IMPERATIVE

CHAPTER 27—SOCIALISM AND ETHICS

1 The socialist attitude to ethics

2 Eudaemonistic ethics and Socialism

3 A contribution to the understanding of eudaemonism

CHAPTER 28—SOCIALISM AS AN EMANATION OF ASCETICISM

1 The ascetic point of view

2 Asceticism and Socialism

CHAPTER 29—CHRISTIANITY AND SOCIALISM

1 Religion and social ethics

2 The Gospels as a source of Christian ethics

3 Primitive Christianity and society

4 The canon law prohibition of interest

5 Christianity and property

6 Christian Socialism

CHAPTER 30—ETHICAL SOCIALISM, ESPECIALLY THAT OF THE NEW CRITICISM

1 The categorical imperative as a foundation for Socialism

2 The duty of work as a foundation for Socialism

3 The equality of incomes as an ethical postulate

4 The ethical-aesthetic condemnation of the profit-motive

5 The cultural achievements of Capitalism

CHAPTER 31—ECONOMIC DEMOCRACY

1 The slogan “economic democracy”

2 The consumer as the deciding factor in production

3 Socialism as expression of the will of the majority

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CHAPTER 32—CAPITALIST ETHICS

1 Capitalistic ethics and the impracticability of Socialism

2 The alleged defects of capitalist ethics

PART V DESTRUCTIONISM

CHAPTER 33—THE MOTIVE POWERS OF DESTRUCTIONISM

1 The nature of destructionism

2 Demagogy

3 The destructionism of the literati

CHAPTER 34—THE METHODS OF DESTRUCTIONISM

1 The means of destructionism

2 Labour legislation

3 Compulsory social insurance

4 Trade unions

5 Unemployment insurance

6 Socialization

7 Taxation

8 Inflation

9 Marxism and destructionism

CHAPTER 35—OVERCOMING DESTRUCTIONISM

1 The “interest” as an obstacle to destructionism

2 Violence and authority

3 The battle of ideas

CONCLUSION

THE HISTORICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF MODERN SOCIALISM

1 Socialism in history

2 The crisis of civilization

APPENDIX

A CONTRIBUTION TO THE CRITIQUE OF ATTEMPTS TO CONSTRUCT A SYSTEM OF ECONOMIC CALCULATION FOR THE SOCIALIST COMMUNITY

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EPILOGUE

INTRODUCTORY REMARKS

1 The Failure of Interventionism

2 The Dictatorial, Anti-Democratic and Socialist Character of Interventionism

3 Socialism and Communism

4 Russia’s Aggressiveness

5 Trotsky’s Heresy

6 The Liberation of the Demons

7 Fascism

8 Nazism

9 The Teachings of Soviet Experience

10 The Alleged Inevitability of Socialism

INDEX TO WORKS CITED

INDEX TO SUBJECTS AND NAMES

BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE