Читать книгу Human Action - Людвиг фон Мизес - Страница 5
ОглавлениеCONTENTS
Foreword to the Fourth Edition
2 The Epistemological Problem of a General Theory of Human Action
3 Economic Theory and the Practice of Human Action
1 Purposeful Action and Animal Reaction
2 The Prerequisites of Human Action
3 Human Action as an Ultimate Given
4 Rationality and Irrationality; Subjectivism and Objectivity of Praxeological Research
5 Causality as a Requirement of Action
On the Serviceableness of Instincts
CHAPTER 2 The Epistemological Problems of the Sciences of Human Action
2 The Formal and Aprioristic Character of Praxeology
The Alleged Logical Heterogeneity of Primitive Man
4 The Principle of Methodological Individualism
5 The Principle of Methodological Singularism
6 The Individual and Changing Features of Human Action
7 The Scope and the Specific Method of History
8 Conception and Understanding
Natural History and Human History
11 The Limitations on Praxeological Concepts
CHAPTER 3 Economics and the Revolt Against Reason
2 The Logical Aspect of Polylogism
3 The Praxeological Aspect of Polylogism
5 Polylogism and Understanding
CHAPTER 4 A First Analysis of the Category of Action
1 Time as a Praxeological Factor
4 The Temporal Relation Between Actions
5 Numerical Evaluation of Case Probability
6 Betting, Gambling, and Playing Games
CHAPTER 7 Action Within the World
Immediately Gratifying Labor and Mediately Gratifying Labor
PART 2 Action Within the Framework of Society
2 A Critique of the Holistic and Metaphysical View of Society
4 The Ricardian Law of Association
Current Errors Concerning the Law of Association
5 The Effects of the Division of Labor
6 The Individual Within Society
The Fable of the Mystic Communion
8 The Instinct of Aggression and Destruction
Current Misinterpretations of Modern Natural Science, Especially of Darwinism
4 Meliorism and the Idea of Progress
CHAPTER 10 Exchange Within Society
1 Autistic Exchange and Interpersonal Exchange
2 Contractual Bonds and Hegemonic Bonds
CHAPTER 11 Valuation Without Calculation
2 The Barter-Fiction of the Elementary Theory of Value and Prices
The Theory of Value and Socialism
3 The Problem of Economic Calculation
4 Economic Calculation and the Market
CHAPTER 12 The Sphere of Economic Calculation
1 The Character of Monetary Entries
2 The Limits of Economic Calculation
5 The Root of the Stabilization Idea
CHAPTER 13 Monetary Calculation as a Tool of Action
1 Monetary Calculation as a Method of Thinking
2 Economic Calculation and the Science of Human Action
PART 4 Catallactics or Economics of the Market Society
CHAPTER 14 The Scope and Method of Catallactics
1 The Delimitation of Catallactic Problems
2 The Method of Imaginary Constructions
5 The State of Rest and the Evenly Rotating Economy
6 The Stationary Economy
7 The Integration of Catallactic Functions
The Entrepreneurial Function in the Stationary Economy
CHAPTER 15 The Market
1 The Characteristics of the Market Economy
2 Capital Goods and Capital
3 Capitalism
4 The Sovereignty of the Consumers
The Metaphorical Employment of the Terminology of Political Rule
5 Competition
6 Freedom
7 Inequality of Wealth and Income
8 Entrepreneurial Profit and Loss
9 Entrepreneurial Profits and Losses in a Progressing Economy
The Moral Condemnation of Profit
Some Observations on the Underconsumption Bogey and on the Purchasing Power Argument
10 Promoters, Managers, Technicians, and Bureaucrats
11 The Selective Process
12 The Individual and the Market
13 Business Propaganda
14 The “Volkswirtschaft”
CHAPTER 16 Prices
1 The Pricing Process
2 Valuation and Appraisement
3 The Prices of the Goods of Higher Orders
A Limitation on the Pricing of Factors of Production
4 Cost Accounting
5 Logical Catallactics Versus Mathematical Catallactics
6 Monopoly Prices
The Mathematical Treatment of the Theory of Monopoly Prices
7 Good Will
8 Monopoly of Demand
9 Consumption as Affected by Monopoly Prices
10 Price Discrimination on the Part of the Seller
11 Price Discrimination on the Part of the Buyer
12 The Connexity of Prices
13 Prices and Income
14 Prices and Production
15 The Chimera of Nonmarket Prices
CHAPTER 17 Indirect Exchange
1 Media of Exchange and Money
2 Observations on Some Widespread Errors
3 Demand for Money and Supply of Money
The Epistemological Import of Carl Menger’s Theory of the Origin of Money
4 The Determination of the Purchasing Power of Money
5 The Problem of Hume and Mill and the Driving Force of Money
6 Cash-Induced and Goods-Induced Changes in Purchasing Power
Inflation and Deflation; Inflationism and Deflationism
7 Monetary Calculation and Changes in Purchasing Power
8 The Anticipation of Expected Changes in Purchasing Power
9 The Specific Value of Money
10 The Import of the Money Relation
11 The Money-Substitutes
12 The Limitation on the Issuance of Fiduciary Media
Observations on the Discussions Concerning Free Banking
13 The Size and Composition of Cash Holdings
14 Balances of Payments
15 Interlocal Exchange Rates
16 Interest Rates and the Money Relation
17 Secondary Media of Exchange
18 The Inflationist View of History
19 The Gold Standard
International Monetary Cooperation
CHAPTER 18 Action in the Passing of Time
1 Perspective in the Valuation of Time Periods
2 Time Preference as an Essential Requisite of Action
Observations on the Evolution of the Time-Preference Theory
3 Capital Goods
4 Period of Production, Waiting Time, and Period of Provision
Prolongation of the Period of Provision Beyond the Expected Duration of the Actor’s Life
Some Applications of the Time-Preference Theory
5 The Convertibility of Capital Goods
6 The Influence of the Past Upon Action
7 Accumulation, Maintenance and Consumption of Capital
8 The Mobility of the Investor
9 Money and Capital; Saving and Investment
CHAPTER 19 Interest
1 The Phenomenon of Interest
2 Originary Interest
3 The Height of Interest Rates
4 Originary Interest in the Changing Economy
5 The Computation of Interest
CHAPTER 20 Interest, Credit Expansion, and the Trade Cycle
1 The Problems
2 The Entrepreneurial Component in the Gross Market Rate of Interest
3 The Price Premium as a Component of the Gross Market Rate of Interest
4 The Loan Market
5 The Effects of Changes in the Money Relation Upon Originary Interest
6 The Gross Market Rate of Interest as Affected by Inflation and Credit Expansion
The Alleged Absence of Depressions Under Totalitarian Management
7 The Gross Market Rate of Interest as Affected by Deflation and Credit Contraction
The Difference Between Credit Expansion and Simple Inflation
8 The Monetary or Circulation Credit Theory of the Trade Cycle
9 The Market Economy as Affected by the Recurrence of the Trade Cycle
The Role Played by Unemployed Factors of Production in the First Stages of a Boom
The Fallacies of the Nonmonetary Explanations of the Trade Cycle
CHAPTER 21 Work and Wages
1 Introversive Labor and Extroversive Labor
2 Joy and Tedium of Labor
3 Wages
4 Catallactic Unemployment
5 Gross Wage Rates and Net Wage Rates
6 Wages and Subsistence
A Comparison Between the Historical Explanation of Wage Rates and the Regression Theorem
7 The Supply of Labor as Affected by the Disutility of Labor
Remarks About the Popular Interpretation of the “Industrial Revolution”
8 Wage Rates as Affected by the Vicissitudes of the Market
9 The Labor Market
The Work of Animals and of Slaves
CHAPTER 22 The Nonhuman Original Factors of Production
1 General Observations Concerning the Theory of Rent
2 The Time Factor in Land Utilization
3 The Submarginal Land
4 The Land as Standing Room
5 The Prices of Land
The Myth of the Soil
CHAPTER 23 The Data of the Market
1 The Theory and the Data
2 The Role of Power
3 The Historical Role of War and Conquest
4 Real Man as a Datum
5 The Period of Adjustment
6 The Limits of Property Rights and the Problems of External Costs and External Economies
The External Economies of Intellectual Creation
Privileges and Quasi-privileges
CHAPTER 24 Harmony and Conflict of Interests
1 The Ultimate Source of Profit and Loss on the Market
2 The Limitation of Offspring
3 The Harmony of the “Rightly Understood” Interests
4 Private Property
5 The Conflicts of Our Age
VOLUME 3
PART 5 Social Cooperation Without a Market
CHAPTER 25 The Imaginary Construction of a Socialist Society
1 The Historical Origin of the Socialist Idea
2 The Socialist Doctrine
3 The Praxeological Character of Socialism
CHAPTER 26 The Impossibility of Economic Calculation Under Socialism
1 The Problem
2 Past Failures to Conceive the Problem
3 Recent Suggestions for Socialist Economic Calculation
4 Trial and Error
5 The Quasi-market
6 The Differential Equations of Mathematical Economics
PART 6 The Hampered Market Economy
CHAPTER 27 The Government and the Market
1 The Idea of a Third System
2 The Intervention
3 The Delimitation of Governmental Functions
4 Righteousness as the Ultimate Standard of the Individual’s Actions
5 The Meaning of Laissez Faire
6 Direct Government Interference with Consumption
7 Corruption
CHAPTER 28 Interference by Taxation
1 The Neutral Tax
2 The Total Tax
3 Fiscal and Nonfiscal Objectives of Taxation
4 The Three Classes of Tax Interventionism
CHAPTER 29 Restriction of Production
1 The Nature of Restriction
2 The Price of Restriction
3 Restriction as a Privilege
4 Restriction as an Economic System
CHAPTER 30 Interference with the Structure of Prices
1 The Government and the Autonomy of the Market
2 The Market’s Reaction to Government Interference
Observations on the Causes of the Decline of Ancient Civilization
3 Minimum Wage Rates
The Catallactic Aspects of Labor Unionism
CHAPTER 31 Currency and Credit Manipulation
1 The Government and the Currency
2 The Interventionist Aspect of Legal Tender Legislation
3 The Evolution of Modern Methods of Currency Manipulation
4 The Objectives of Currency Devaluation
5 Credit Expansion
The Chimera of Contracyclical Policies
6 Foreign Exchange Control and Bilateral Exchange Agreements
CHAPTER 32 Confiscation and Redistribution
1 The Philosophy of Confiscation
2 Land Reform
3 Confiscatory Taxation
Confiscatory Taxation and Risk-Taking
CHAPTER 33 Syndicalism and Corporativism
1 The Syndicalist Idea
2 The Fallacies of Syndicalism
3 Syndicalist Elements in Popular Policies
4 Guild Socialism and Corporativism
CHAPTER 34 The Economics of War
1 Total War
2 War and the Market Economy
3 War and Autarky
4 The Futility of War
CHAPTER 35 The Welfare Principle Versus the Market Principle
1 The Case Against the Market Economy
2 Poverty
3 Inequality
4 Insecurity
5 Social Justice
CHAPTER 36 The Crisis of Interventionism
1 The Harvest of Interventionism
2 The Exhaustion of the Reserve Fund
3 The End of Interventionism
PART 7 The Place of Economics in Society
CHAPTER 37 The Nondescript Character of Economics
1 The Singularity of Economics
2 Economics and Public Opinion
3 The Illusion of the Old Liberals
CHAPTER 38 The Place of Economics in Learning
1 The Study of Economics
2 Economics as a Profession
3 Forecasting as a Profession
4 Economics and the Universities
5 General Education and Economics
6 Economics and the Citizen
7 Economics and Freedom
CHAPTER 39 Economics and the Essential Problems of Human Existence
1 Science and Life
2 Economics and Judgments of Value
3 Economic Cognition and Human Action
VOLUME 4
APPENDIX
Glossary
Index
