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In the light of the risk and potential consequences of cyber events, strengthening the security and resilience of cyberspace has become an important homeland security mission in the United States [DHS 2015]. However, emerging cyber threats require engagement from the entire American community to create a safer cyber environment – from government and law enforcement to the private sector and, most importantly, members of the public. Cybersecurity is a shared responsibility as pointed by DHS [DHS 2016b].

A framework for protecting the US infrastructure is described in [CERT 2003]. As pointed out in this document, securing cyberspace is an extraordinarily difficult strategic challenge that requires a coordinated and focused effort from our entire society – the federal government, state and local governments, the private sector, and the American people. The cornerstone of America's cyberspace security strategy is and will remain a public–private partnership. The strategic objectives are to:

 Prevent cyber attacks against America's critical infrastructures.

 Reduce national vulnerability to cyber attacks.

 Minimize damage and recovery time from cyber attacks that do occur.

Also, strategies that the United States can use for cyberspace protection are described to include the following objectives: establish a comprehensive strategy, maintain strong deterrents, strengthen public–private partnerships, avoid bureaucratic overreach, and forge an international consensus. These strategies can help policy makers make better‐informed decisions about how to properly defend the country from threats [Peritz 2010].

In the same time, it is recognized that the perimeter of information systems and networks is increasingly blurred and that, as a consequence, the management of risks and the protection measures should extend to the more global ecosystem level.

The analysis report [OECD 2012a] reveals the success of the guiding principles of [OECD 2002] to create a framework for security in an open digital world where participants reduce risk before accepting it, instead of avoiding risk by limiting interconnectivity. These guidelines have been adopted by OECD members and non‐OECD members. Responding to cybersecurity challenges has become a national policy priority in many countries. Gaps in the 2002 guidelines and new cybersecurity challenges are further analyzed in this report [OECD 2012c]. This report highlights many issues such as the following:

 New national strategies to strengthen cybersecurity are pursuing a double objective: driving further economic and social prosperity by using the full potential of the Internet as a new source of growth and platform for innovation and protecting cyberspace‐reliant societies against cyber threats.

 Governments are developing comprehensive approaches integrating all facets of cybersecurity into holistic frameworks covering economic, social, educational, legal, law enforcement, technical, diplomatic, military, and intelligence‐related aspects. The result is the elevation of this overall subject matter as a government policy priority and a higher degree of governmental coordination to develop strategies.

 The scope of most strategies generally covers all information systems and networks, including critical information infrastructures that are not connected to the Internet.

 Strategies generally lay out a narrative that varies across countries and leads to the introduction of various key objectives and concepts.

 Most strategies recognize that cyberspace is largely owned and operated by the private sector and that policies should be based on public–private partnerships, which may include business, civil society, and academia. However, they place variable emphasis on this aspect.

 While cybersecurity strategies share common concepts, there are still differences such as the concepts of cybersecurity and cyberspace that are not used by all countries.

 Although strategies share fundamental values, some concepts are specific to some countries, such as the economic aspects of cybersecurity, the need for dynamic policies, and the emergence of sovereignty considerations.

 Most strategies also stress the importance of the international dimension of cybersecurity and the need for better alliances and partnerships with like‐minded countries or allies, including capacity building of less developed countries; all countries support the establishment of stronger international mechanisms at the policy and the operational levels. In this respect, policy makers need to:

 Overcome complex coordination and cooperation challenges, internally across governmental bodies and with nongovernmental stakeholders, both at the domestic and international levels

 Develop and implement action plans according to their strategies in a variety of areas such as critical information infrastructure protection, research and development, skills and jobs, economic incentives, cybersecurity exercises, etc.

 Although the protection of critical information infrastructures is generally included in the scope of cybersecurity strategies, the issue of cross‐border interdependencies is rarely addressed at a strategic level.

A national cybersecurity plan is not only a strategic framework for nation's approach to cybersecurity; it is also a tool to improve the security and resilience of national infrastructures and services. Although there are many – and considerably different – definitions, a cybersecurity strategy has proven to be an instrument that helps governments manage the efforts of all involved parties in order to tackle risks related to cyber issues at a national level [ENISA 2015a]. Therefore, international and regional cooperation is needed at strategic levels to include the development of contingency and response plans in advance as well as the importance of regional and international exercises.