Читать книгу Our Mother Ocean - Mariarosa Dalla Costa - Страница 8

Silvia Federici

OUR MOTHER OCEAN, the fruit of a collaboration between internationally renowned feminist political theorist Mariarosa Dalla Costa and sociologist Monica Chilese, addresses one of the most crucial issues of our time: the ongoing destruction of our seas. Since time immemorial, the sea has served as the source of our life on the planet, as provider of not only livelihoods but knowledge, beauty, spiritual strength. All of this is now at risk, however, of dying, as the oceans are turned into the poisoned receptacle of the world’s waste. Of this destruction Our Mother Ocean traces the main aspects, providing a great wealth of information about the consequences of industrial fishing, aquafarming, marine pollution, and the continuing failure of the institutional initiatives presumably predisposed to protect the Earth’s ecosystems. What makes the book special, however, is that its denunciations of the many ways in which the ocean is depleted of its immense wealth is accompanied by a passionate reflection on what the sea has signified in the history of humanity, as reflected in its literature, its myths, its philosophies and religions. The book also provides a history of the rise of the first worldwide fishermen’s movement, reminding us that the protection of Earth’s waters is as crucial in its economic, political, and spiritual implications as that of its lands and forests.

What the ocean signifies for life on the planet is powerfully evoked by Chilese’s initial chapter, which takes us through the changes in the relationship between human beings and the sea, from its representation as a symbol of the infinite, the unknown, the sacred, a “theater of the universal struggle between life and death,” to its utilitarian reduction to a “usable object,” a container of exploitable resources to be freely appropriated and commercialized. Chilese’s central theme is that the ocean is far more than “a mass of water.” It is the producer of the oxygen we breathe, of the clouds that cool the planet, of the food on which most of the world’s populations depend for their survival. Against this background, her description (in Chapters Two and Three) of the dangers now threatening the life of the sea should give a jolt even to readers cognizant of the ecological devastation produced by industrial technology, shaped as it is by competition and the quest for the maximization of profit.

It is now commonly acknowledged that our seas are being emptied of their fauna and flora due to overfishing, that the relentless pouring of industrial and urban contaminants in their waters is destroying the coral barriers and creating miles-long archipelagos of trash, and that the list of ecological catastrophes affecting the oceans is expanding by the day. Barely had we recovered from the horrors generated by the BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico when the Fukushima disaster, whose end is not in sight, confronted us with the nightmarish prospect of thousands of tons of radioactive material being daily poured into the ocean’s body, undoubtedly causing a further collapse of its network of living organisms. Still, Chilese’s detailed documentation of the devastation caused to fish stocks and the marine environment by the operations of trawlers, aquaculture, the mining of the seabeds, and the release of all sorts of contaminants into the seas paints an alarming picture, precluding any complacency or the hope that the present degradation of the ocean may be reversed through minor reforms.

What we learn from her account is that in fishing, as in other spheres of life, technological progress has only expanded the capacity for destruction. Modern fishing boats now use sonar, satellites, ecosounding gadgets—all technologies developed for military purposes—to ensure that nothing escapes their nets, although much of the fish thus caught are ultimately rejected and thrown back, now as waste, into the water, for only what fetches a good price on the market is considered worthy of being retained. Another important lesson offered by Chilese is that the same dangers that threaten the life of the ocean also threaten the survival of the communities whose livelihoods depend on the sea, causing the disappearance of knowledge, forms of employment, and communal relations. This last theme, however, is most developed in the second part of the book, where Mariarosa Dalla Costa examines the effects of the industrialization of fishing on coastal communities, especially in the Global South, and their resistance to this process, leading to the formation of the world’s first fishermen’s movement.

Dalla Costa is a writer widely known in U.S. radical and academic circles since at least the early seventies, when her foundational essay “Women and the Subversion of the Community” inaugurated a feminist critique of Marxism that transformed not only the debates within the women’s liberation movement but Marxist theory itself, also providing the manifesto for the International Wages for Housework Campaign of which Dalla Costa was, with Selma James, the cofounder. Based on the redefinition of women’s unpaid domestic labor as a quintessential form of capitalist production, insofar as it is a production of labor power, Dalla Costa’s theoretical work has since placed the question of social reproduction at the center of her political and theoretical activism. However, while in the 1970s the focus of her analysis was the condition of the “housewife” in her relations to capital and to the male waged worker, in later years her work has been mostly concerned with the manifold forms of resistance that women and men across the planet are engaged in, in opposition to the neoliberal assault on their means of subsistence and reproductive systems.

In a variety of articles published between the late eighties and the present, she has returned again and again to this theme, increasingly inspired in her perspective by the work of ecofeminist writers and the struggles of indigenous people, starting with the Zapatista movement. At the core of her theoretical engagement in these contexts have been the devastating impacts of the World Bank’s structural adjustment programs on the lives of people across the continents and the central roles of the struggles over land and food sovereignty in the construction of new commons, developing her thinking about them hand in hand with her participation in the antiglobalization movements. Our Mother Ocean is a logical step in the urgent and ongoing discussions we must have about a subsistence perspective, social reproduction on a planetary level, and the commons, for only by artificial distinctions can we separate the planet’s lands, air, and waters.

Dalla Costa’s contribution to the book, a long essay dedicated to the rise of the fishermen movement, focuses on the social consequences of the “blue revolution”—from India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka to Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Canada, the United States, Mexico, Honduras, Japan, Norway, and Madagascar. Coastal communities everywhere are forced to abandon their lands, as they cannot compete with corporate fleets, or for instance, they must make space for the cultivation of shrimp. Indeed, paraphrasing Thomas Moore’s famous comment on the English enclosures, we can say that “shrimp” today are “eating human beings,” in a bizarre twist in which the need to satisfy the palate of those who can pay exacts costly human sacrifices, such as the loss of land and enslavement to the brutal work regimes that the shelling and processing of the popular fish demand.¹ Echoing similar denunciations by Vandana Shiva, Dalla Costa contrasts the irreparable damages produced by the new fishing technologies with the creativity of the traditional methods they replace, which for centuries guaranteed the livelihood of millions of people. What she describes is a war against farming and fishing communities that relies on collusion between the fish/aquaculture industry and the local political elites and police forces that kill and torture at their service, all to bring shrimp and other chosen fish to the tables of people thousands of miles away.

Since the late eighties, however, resistance has begun to mount on the sea as on the land, and it is one of the merits of this book to have brought to the foreground this struggle and, as a new international political subject, the world fishers’ movement first created in India in 1997 that since then has spread to every part of the world. Dalla Costa’s recognition of the importance of this movement, generally ignored by most “global justice” theoreticians and activists, is timely. Not only is the expropriation of the marine wealth of the populations of Africa, Asia, and Latin America by multinational corporations proceeding at an accelerating pace; in the “North” as well we are witnessing a sustained assault on the remaining fishing commons, ironically conducted under the guise of conservation and protection against overfishing.

Exemplary in this regard is the attack that in recent years has been waged on the fishermen and fishing communities of New England by the Regional Fishery Management Councils (of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration) that, in arguing for the need to rebuild fish stocks, have introduced “catch-sharing” programs, i.e., fishing quotas that have been established on the basis of previous fishing history that privileges large boats and makes it impossible for small owners to survive. If this succeeds, the New England fishing industry will undergo a “historic change,” marking the end (in the words of a Maine fisherman’s journal) of “a tradition of fishing rights older than this nation.”² Thus, at the moment, New England fishermen are fighting desperately—but quite alone—against this de facto privatization of the fisheries in an attempt to save their source of livelihood and the existence of their communities. Taken by itself, their struggle may seem hopeless. But this is where a book like Our Mother Ocean becomes most important. For it broadens our political horizon and helps us realize that resistance against the enclosure and destruction of the ocean has now become a global phenomenon.

NOTES

1. “[Y]our sheep that were wont to be so meek and tame, and so small eaters, now, as I hear say, be become so great devourers and so wild, that they eat up, and swallow down the very men themselves. They consume, destroy, and devour whole fields, houses, and cities.” From Sir Thomas More, The ‘Utopia’ and the History of Edward V, Maurice Adams, ed. (London: Walter Scott, 1980).

2. Fishermen’s Voice (December 2009), available at: http://www.fishermenvoice.com