Читать книгу How the World Became Rich - Mark Koyama - Страница 4

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Countries that were richer in 2018 (annual per capita income) than the US in 190…Figure 1.2 Countries that were richer in 2018 (annual per capita income) than Great Britain…Figure 1.3 People living in extreme poverty, 1820–2015Figure 1.4 Year that per capita GDP exceeded $10 per day (2018 USD)Figure 1.5 Yearly per capita income for selected regions, 1 CE–presentFigure 1.6 US GDP per capita, 1720–2018 (2018 USD)Figure 1.7 Ruggedness and income in African and non-African countriesFigure 1.8 The reversal of fortunes within formerly colonized nations, 1500–1995

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 Coastlines of African countriesFigure 2.2 Africa’s “malaria belt”Figure 2.3 Verticality and horizontality of the continentsFigure 2.4 Technology adoption levels in 1500 (% of frontier technologies adopted)Figure 2.5 Temperature deviations across Europe, 1100–1800Figure 2.6 The Roman road networkFigure 2.7 The increase in turnpikes in England and Wales: 1680–1830Figure 2.8 Changes in US market access, 1870–90Figure 2.9 Location of cities in England and France in the Roman and medieval periodsFigure 2.10 The price of energy in the early 1700s

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Rule of law vs. per capita GDPFigure 3.2 Night lights on the Korean PeninsulaFigure 3.3 Rule of law index, 2017Figure 3.4 The first(?) formal legal system: the Code of HammurabiFigure 3.5 Legal origins throughout the worldFigure 3.6 Polity score, 2017Figure 3.7 Democracy score, 2017Figure 3.8 Parliamentary activity in Europe, 1100–1800Figure 3.9 Tax revenues per capita for six European powers, 1500–1900Figure 3.10 Interest rates in city-states and territorial states, 1200–1800

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Subcultures of the USFigure 4.2 Percentage Protestant, Catholic, and Muslim vs. per capita GDPFigure 4.3 Percentage of Protestants vs. school enrollment rate in early 19th-century Pruss…Figure 4.4 Ruler duration in Western Europe and the Islamic worldFigure 4.5 The north–south Italy divide: cousin marriage, trust, and judicial efficiencyFigure 4.6 The relationship between trust and per capita GDPFigure 4.7 Traditional plow use, female labor force participation, and female firm ownershi…

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Life expectancy around the world, 2015Figure 5.2 The Malthusian modelFigure 5.3 The Malthusian model: illustrating the effects of reducing the birth rateFigure 5.4 Black Death mortality rates (%) in 1347–52Figure 5.5 Population and wages in England, 1209–1750Figure 5.6 Fertility and female age of marriage in England, 1590s–1830s

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Countries colonized by Great Britain, France, Spain, Portugal, the Netherlands, …Figure 6.2 Number of slaves in the transatlantic slave trade by carrierFigure 6.3 Number of slaves taken in the slave tradesFigure 6.4 The relationship between slaves exported and economic indicatorsFigure 6.5 Africa’s ethnic boundaries prior to colonizationFigure 6.6 Settler mortality, institutions, and long-run developmentFigure 6.7 Agricultural investment in IndiaFigure 6.8 Ethnic partitioning and the “scramble for Africa”Figure 6.9 The Indian railroad network, 1930Figure 6.10 Modern literacy and proximity to Jesuit missions in Argentina, Brazil, and Parag…

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 The steppe and state formation in China and EuropeFigure 7.2 Real per capita GDP, 1450–1700, select countries

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 GDP, GDP per capita, and population in England/Britain, 1270–1870 (1700 = 100)Figure 8.2 England and its largest cities, 1520–1801Figure 8.3 The spinning jennyFigure 8.4 Arkwright’s water frameFigure 8.5 Crompton’s spinning muleFigure 8.6 Schematic of the Newcomen steam engineFigure 8.7 The Watt steam engineFigure 8.8 Number of letters in Voltaire’s correspondence in the Republic of Letters…

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 GDP per capita and real wages in England/Great Britain, 1270–1870 (1700 = 100)Figure 9.2 Fertility and mortality in England, 1541–1839Figure 9.3 Children born per woman in Western Europe and the US, 1800–2000Figure 9.4 Human capital and the demographic transition in England, 1730–1890Figure 9.5 Shares of world industrial output, 1750–1938Figure 9.6 US population and immigrant share, 1850–2010

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Per capita GDP in select Asian countries, 1960–2019Figure 10.2 Percentage of Indians living in extreme poverty, 1977–2011Figure 10.3 Per capita GDP in England/Great Britain and Japan, 1280–1850Figure 10.4 Per capita GDP in South Korea and Nigeria, 1960–2019Figure 10.5 Per capita GDP in various parts of the world, 1960–2019Figure 10.6 Chinese per capita GDP, 1960–2019