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Mark W. Leitman. Manual for Eye Examination and Diagnosis
Table of Contents
List of Tables
List of Illustrations
Guide
Pages
Manual for Eye Examination and Diagnosis
Preface
Introduction to the eye team and their instruments
Instruments
Dedicated to Andrea Kase
Chapter 1 Medical history
Medical illnesses
Diabetes mellitus
Autoimmune (Graves’) thyroid disease
Medications (ocular side effects)
Allergies to medications
Family history of eye disease
Chapter 2 Measurement of vision and refraction
Visual acuity
Optics. Emmetropia (no refractive error)
Ametropia
Hyperopia
Myopia
Astigmatism
Presbyopia
Refraction
Trial case and lenses
Trial frame
Streak retinoscopy (“flash”)
Manifest
Contact lenses
Candidates for contact lenses
Fitting contact lenses. Keratometry
Determination of lens power
Types of contact lenses
Common problems
Refractive surgery
Chapter 3 Neuro‐ophthalmology
Eye movements
Strabismus
Complications of strabismus. Amblyopia
Poor cosmetic appearance
Loss of fusion (binocular vision)
Near point of convergence (NPC) (Fig. 85)
Accommodative esotropia (Figs 86 and 87)
Nonaccommodative esotropia (Figs 89 and 90)
Measurement of the amount of eye‐turn with prisms
Prism cover test for measurement of eye‐turn (Fig. 93)
Hirschberg’s test
Causes of strabismus
Demonstration of paralytic strabismus (Table 5)
Cranial nerves III–VIII. Oculomotor nerve (CN III)
Trochlear nerve (CN IV)
Abducens nerve (CN VI)
Trigeminal nerve (CN V)
Facial nerve (CN VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)
Nystagmus
Optic nerve (CN II)
Intraocular causes for loss of optic nerve fibers
Extraocular causes for loss of optic nerve fibers
Common brain tumors
The pupil
Sympathetic nerve
Pupillary light reflex (Fig. 129 and inside back cover)
Adie’s pupil (tonic pupil)
Visual field testing
Scotomas due to ocular and optic nerve disease
Scotomas due to brain lesions (Fig. 138)
Color vision
Circulatory disturbances affecting vision
Tests for decreased circulation
Chapter 4 External structures
Lymph nodes
Lacrimal system
Tearing (epiphora)
Tearing due to failure of drainage system
Failure of the tear to reach the puncta
Obstruction at the puncta or canaliculus
Tearing due to NLD obstructions
Lids
Blepharoptosis (also called ptosis)
Lashes
Phakomatoses
Anterior and posterior blepharitis
Chapter 5 The orbit
Imaging
Sinusitis
Clues that may indicate disease of the orbit
Exophthalmos
Enophthalmos
Chapter 6 Slit lamp examination
Cornea
Corneal epithelial disease
Corneal endothelial disease
Corneal transplantation (keratoplasty)
Conjunctiva
Sclera
Chapter 7 Glaucoma
Glaucoma vs. glaucoma suspect
The iridocorneal angle
The optic disk (optic papilla)
Signs of nerve fiber damage
Medical treatment (Table 11)
Surgical procedures for open‐angle glaucoma
Angle‐closure glaucoma
Chapter 8 Uvea
Malignant uveal tumors
Inflammation of the uvea (uveitis)
Anti‐inflammatories
Sarcoidosis
Causes of choroiditis
Syphilis
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
Sympathetic ophthalmia
Chapter 9 Cataracts
Laser‐assisted cataract surgery
Some complications of cataract surgery
Chapter 10 The retina and vitreous
Retinal anatomy
The macula
Fundus examination
Fluorescein angiography
The optic disk (papilla)
Papilledema (choked disk)
Pseudopapilledema
Retinal blood vessels
Retinal vein occlusion (RVO)
Retinal artery occlusion
Diabetic retinopathy
Age‐related macular degeneration
Central serous chorioretinopathy
Pseudoxanthoma elasticum
Albinism
Retinitis pigmentosa
Retinoblastoma
Retinopathy of prematurity
Vitreous
Retinal holes
Retinal detachment
Appendix 1. Hyperlipidemia
Appendix 2. Amsler grid
Index
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