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A number of principles or ‘ideals’ that underpin the operation of the substantive criminal law have been identified over the long history of our common law system. The principles, similar to the concept of the Rule of Law, are essentially the ‘aims’ or ‘models’ of behaviour and attitude expected of the criminal law.

The four key principles are identified in Figure 1.1 and explained below at 1.5.1–1.5.4.

For a more detailed account of the four principles, see Horder, Ashworth’s Principles of Criminal Law, 9th edn (OUP, 2019).

Figure 1.1The principles of the criminal law