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ОглавлениеTHE
EARLY
CALIPHATE
Maulana Muhammad Ali
THE EARLY CALIPHATE
by
Maulana Muhammad Ali
The Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam, Lahore, USA
APPROVAL CERTIFICATE
This book has been reviewed and approved by Al-Azhar Al-Sharif of the Islamic Research Academy, General Department for Research, Writing and Translation.
Bismillah ir Rahman ir Raheem
December 1st, 2002
Al-Azhar Al-Sharif
Islamic Research Academy
General Department for
Writing and Translation
Mrs. Samina Malik
P.O. Box 3370
Dublin Oh 43016
Assalamu Alaikum wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuhu
Book Review
Referring to your request submitted to the Department of Research, Writing and Translation at the Islamic Research Academy Al-Azhar Al-Sharif in regard to reviewing, evaluating and providing the opinion of Al-Azhar regarding the following books:
1) The Early Caliphate
2) Introduction to the Study of the Holy Quran
3) The New World Order
4) A Manual of Hadith
5) Muhammad the Prophet
written in English language by Maulana Muhammad Ali.
The Department hereby confirms that the above mentioned books contains useful knowledge and do not include anything that contradicts the Religion of Islam
Assalamu Alaikum wa Rahmatullahi wa Barakatuhu
General Director
of the Department of Research,
Writing and Translation
Ali Abdel Baky
© Copyright
Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam, Lahore, USA
First Edition — 1932
USA Edition — 1985
E-book Edition — 2011
ISBN # 13: 978-1-934271-25-4
AHMADIYYA ANJUMAN ISHA‘AT ISLAM, LAHORE, U.S.A.
P.O. Box 3370
Dublin, Ohio, 43016 USA
E-mail: aaiil@aol.com
Phone: 614-873-1030
Fax: 614-873-1022
Published in eBook format by Ahmadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam Lahore USA
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Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam Lahore Inc. (U.S.A.)
P.O. Box 3370, Dublin, Ohio, 43016 U.S.A.
The Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam (Ahmadiyya Society for the propagation of Islam), based in Lahore, Pakistan, is an international Muslim body devoted to the presentation of Islam through literary and missionary work. Since its inception in 1914, it has produced a range of highly acclaimed, standard books on all aspects of Islam, and has run Muslim missions in many parts of the world, establishing the first ever Islamic centres in England (at Woking) and Germany (Berlin). The literature produced by the Anjuman, largely written by Maulana Muhammad Ali, is deep research work of the highest quality, based purely on the original sources of Islam. It has corrected many wrong notions about the religion of Islam, and has received world wide acclaim for its authenticity, scholarship and service of the faith.
Continuing the mission of Hadrat Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, the mujaddid of the 14th century Hijra, the Ahmadiyya Anjuman seeks to revive the original liberal, tolerant and rational spirit of Islam. It presents Islam as a great spiritual force for bringing about the moral reform of mankind, and shows that this religion has never advocated coercion, the use of physical force or the pursuit of political power in its support.
Information, books and free literature on Islam may be obtained by contacting The Ahmadiyya Anjuman Isha‘at Islam Lahore (or A.A.I.I.L.) at PO Box 3370 Dublin, Ohio 43016, U.S.A. email: aaiil@aol.com Phone: 614-873-1030 Fax: 614-873-1022.
PREFACE
The Early Caliphate, which is a record of thirty years of ideal Islamic rule, is a natural sequel to Muhammad the Prophet, in which I offered a picture of the life of that great benefactor of humanity, the Prophet Muhammad, who of all of the world’s great men is the most misunderstood. Two reasons have prompted me to undertake this task. The first is that, just as the Holy Prophet brought about a transformation which is unparalleled in the history of the world, to his immediate followers it was vouchsafed to contribute not only “the most amazing story of conquest in the whole history of our race’ [A Short History of the World by H.G. Wells.] but also wonderful moral and spiritual uplift of humanity. The second reason is that in all histories of this period written by either Muslim or non-Muslim writers, there exist many misunderstandings about the great and noble deeds of the most righteous monarchs that the world has ever produced.
In the Early Caliphate I have dealt with the period of thirty years that followed the death of the Holy Prophet. In Islamic history this period is known as Khilafah Rashidah or the rightly directed Caliphate, the underlying significance being that the men who were chosen to steer the temporal bark of Islam during this period were also models of righteousness and that they led the Muslim nation onward both temporally and spiritually. In a hadith of the Holy Prophet, this period of thirty years is specially called Khilafah or Successorship to the Holy Prophet as distinguished from Mulk or the Kingdom of Islam which came after it. In the last phase of the Holy Prophet’s life he was both prophet and king, a spiritual guide of his people as well as their temporal head, and therefore the later phase of the kingdom of Islam in which the king was only the temporal head does not fully represent the idea of successorship. The Khilafah Rashidah or the Early Caliphate, however, is in both aspects fully representative of successorship to the Prophet, and it is for this reason that I have included in the history of the Caliphate an account of the lives of the four Caliphs whose reigns constitute the Early Caliphate, viz., Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, ‘Uthman and ‘Ali.
I would draw attention to two salient points about which there prevails great misconception. The first is the general impression among Muslims as well as non-Muslims that, though the battles which the Holy Prophet had to fight were defensive and not aggressive, yet the wars of the Early Caliphate were undertaken with no other object than the expansion of Islam and the territorial extension of its kingdom. In this short history I have shown that this is quite an erroneous view, and that Muslims never sallied forth to impose their religion or even their rule on the neighbouring empires; or to offer what has frequently been represented as the alternatives to Islam or Jizyah. This question has been fully dealt with in the lives of Abu Bakr and ‘Umar. The second point to which I wish to draw special attention relates to the equally great misconception as to internal dissensions of the times of ‘Uthman and ‘Ali. The example of greatness set by Abu Bakr and ‘Umar are not wanting in ‘Uthman and ‘Ali; only they are revealed in a different sphere.
The book was written originally in Urdu in the form of a simple history. The element of the lives of the Caliphs was added in a second edition, and it is now that second edition that is being presented in English garb. The translation has been done by my able and esteemed friend Maulana Muhammad Ya‘qub Khan, Editor of Light, to whom my sincerest thanks are due for his labour of love. I must also thank him for the help he has given me in reading the proofs.
Muhammad ‘Ali
President
Ahmadiyyah Anjuman Ish‘at Islam,
Ahmadiyyah Buildings,
Lahore, 12-9-32.
E-book Publisher’s Note
“And when the books are spread” (81:10)
It gives us great pleasure to present Maulana Muhammad The Early Caliphate in this e-book format. With the increasing popularity of e-readers, e-books have, by many accounts, become a preferred means to read literature.
This e-book of The Early Caliphate by Maulana Muhammad Ali is a result of this new venture. Additional titles converted to e-book format include, English Translation and Commentary of the Holy Quran, Teachings of Islam, Muhammad the Prophet, The Religion of Islam, The Manual of Hadith, History of the Prophets, Living Thoughts of Prophet Muhammad, and others.
We would like to thank our proofreaders within the USA and abroad for their meticulous checking of the proofs of this e-book. May Almighty Allah bless and reward all who have contributed and sacrificed in this cause.
Samina Malik,
Vice-President and Director of Translation and Publication,
Lahore Ahmadiyya Islamic Society USA
June 2011, Dublin, Ohio
Transliteration of Arabic Words
The transliteration system adapted for the e-book format from the standard transliteration system is given below. Due to the limitations of the e-book format in producing some of the diacritical signs, alternative diacritical signs have been used. These changes are indicated by red type.
Consonants
Arabic Letter — Sound — Represented by
hamzah — (sounds like h in hour — a sort of catch in the voice) — ’
ba — (same as b) — b
ta — (the Italian dental, softer than t) — t
tha — (between th in thing and s) — th
jim — (like g in gem) — j
ha — (very sharp but smooth guttural aspirate) — h
kha — (like ch in the Scotch word loch) — kh
dal — (Italian dental, softer than d) — d
dhal — (sounds between z and th in that) — dh
ra — (same as r) — r
za — (same as z) — z
sin — (same as s) — s
shin — (same as sh in she) — sh
sad — (strongly articulated s, like ss in hiss) — s
dad — (aspirated d, between d and z) — dz
ta — (strongly articulated palatal t) — t
za — (strongly articulated palatal z) — z
‘ain — (somewhat like a strong guttural hamzah, not a mere vowel) — ‘
ghain — (guttural g, but soft) — gh
fa — (same as f) — f
qaf — (strongly articulated guttural k) — q
kaf — (same as k) — k
lam — (same as l) — l
mim — (same as m) — m
nun — (same as n) — n
ha — (same as h) — h
waw — (same as w) — w
ya — (same as y) — y
Vowels
The vowels are represented as follows:
Short vowels:
— ’ — fathah, as u in tub — a
— ’ — kasrah, as i in pin — i
Long vowels:
— — long fathah, as a in father — a
— — long kasrah, as ee in deep — i
— ‘ — long dammah, as oo in moot — u
— — fathah before waw — au
— — fathah before ya — ai
Tanwin ’’ ’’ ‘’ is represented by an, in, un, respectively. The short and long vowels at the end of a word are shown as parts of the words, as qala where the final a stands for the fathah on lam, but the tanwin is shown as a separate syllable, as Muhammad-in.
Proper Names
Biblical proper names are not transliterated, but their Biblical form is adopted; other names are transliterated according to the rules of transliteration. Hence the reader will notice a change in such names as Mecca which should be written as Makkah, Medina which should be written as Madinah, Yemen which should be written as Yaman, and so on.
The following list shows the Biblical names and their Arabic equivalents:
Biblical Names— Arabic Form
Aaron — Harun
Abraham — Ibrahim
Adam — Adam
Amran — ‘Imran
Babel — Babil
David — Dawud
Egypt — Misr
Elias — Ilyas
Ezra — ‘Uzair
Elisha — Al-Yash‘a
Gabriel — Jibril
Gog — Ya’juj
Goliath — Jalut
Gospel — Injil
Isaac — Ishaq
Ishmael — Isma‘il
Jacob — Ya‘qub
Jesus — ‘Isa
Jew — Yahudi
Job — Ayyub
John — Yahya
Jonah — Yunus
Korah — Qarun
Lot — Lut
Magog — Ma’juj
Mary — Maryam
Michael — Mikal
Moses — Musa
Noah — Nuh
Pharaoh — Fir‘aun
Saul — Talut
Sheba — Saba’
Soloman — Sulaiman
Torah — Taurat
Zacharias — Zakariyya
