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The transliteration system adapted for the e-book format from the standard transliteration system is given below. Due to the limitations of the e-book format in producing some of the diacritical signs, alternative diacritical signs have been used. These changes are indicated by red type.

Consonants

Arabic Letter — Sound — Represented by

hamzah — (sounds like h in hour — a sort of catch in the voice) — ’

ba — (same as b) — b

ta — (the Italian dental, softer than t) — t

tha — (between th in thing and s) — th

jim — (like g in gem) — j

ha — (very sharp but smooth guttural aspirate) — h

kha — (like ch in the Scotch word loch) — kh

dal — (Italian dental, softer than d) — d

dhal — (sounds between z and th in that) — dh

ra — (same as r) — r

za — (same as z) — z

sin — (same as s) — s

shin — (same as sh in she) — sh

sad — (strongly articulated s, like ss in hiss) — s

dad — (aspirated d, between d and z) — dz

ta — (strongly articulated palatal t) — t

za — (strongly articulated palatal z) — z

‘ain — (somewhat like a strong guttural hamzah, not a mere vowel) — ‘

ghain — (guttural g, but soft) — gh

fa — (same as f) — f

qaf — (strongly articulated guttural k) — q

kaf — (same as k) — k

lam — (same as l) — l

mim — (same as m) — m

nun — (same as n) — n

ha — (same as h) — h

waw — (same as w) — w

ya — (same as y) — y

Vowels

The vowels are represented as follows:

Short vowels:

— ’ — fathah, as u in tub — a

— ’ — kasrah, as i in pin — i

Long vowels:

— — long fathah, as a in father — a

— — long kasrah, as ee in deep — i

— ‘ — long dammah, as oo in moot — u

— — fathah before waw — au

— — fathah before ya — ai

Tanwin ’’ ’’ ‘’ is represented by an, in, un, respectively. The short and long vowels at the end of a word are shown as parts of the words, as qala where the final a stands for the fathah on lam, but the tanwin is shown as a separate syllable, as Muhammad-in.

Proper Names

Biblical proper names are not transliterated, but their Biblical form is adopted; other names are transliterated according to the rules of transliteration. Hence the reader will notice a change in such names as Mecca which should be written as Makkah, Medina which should be written as Madinah, Yemen which should be written as Yaman, and so on.

The following list shows the Biblical names and their Arabic equivalents:

Biblical Names— Arabic Form

Aaron — Harun

Abraham — Ibrahim

Adam — Adam

Amran — ‘Imran

Babel — Babil

David — Dawud

Egypt — Misr

Elias — Ilyas

Ezra — ‘Uzair

Elisha — Al-Yash‘a

Gabriel — Jibril

Gog — Ya’juj

Goliath — Jalut

Gospel — Injil

Isaac — Ishaq

Ishmael — Isma‘il

Jacob — Ya‘qub

Jesus — ‘Isa

Jew — Yahudi

Job — Ayyub

John — Yahya

Jonah — Yunus

Korah — Qarun

Lot — Lut

Magog — Ma’juj

Mary — Maryam

Michael — Mikal

Moses — Musa

Noah — Nuh

Pharaoh — Fir‘aun

Saul — Talut

Sheba — Saba’

Soloman — Sulaiman

Torah — Taurat

Zacharias — Zakariyya