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CONTENTS

List of Illustrations xv

Acknowledgments xvii

Introduction xix

Biographical Sketches xxv

OVERTURE: WHAT IS A RECORD PRODUCER? 1

1. CUTTING TRACKS: CAPTURING THE PERFORMANCE, 1927–1949 11

Various, RCA Country Legends: The Bristol Sessions, Vol. 1 (1927) and “A Satisfied Mind” (1954) 13

Various, Roots n’ Blues: The Retrospective 1925–1950 15

Bill Monroe, The Essential Bill Monroe and His Bluegrass Boys 1945–1949 17

Bob Wills, The Essential Bob Wills 1935–1947 18

Gene Autry, The Essential Gene Autry (1933–1946) 19

Robert Johnson, The Complete Recordings (1936–1937) 20

Tex Ritter, “Jingle, Jangle, Jingle” (1942) 21

The Maddox Brothers and Rose, America’s Most Colorful Hillbilly Band, 1946–1951 23

T. Texas Tyler, “Deck of Cards” (1946) 24

Tex Williams and His Western Caravan, “Smoke! Smoke! Smoke! (That Cigarette)” (1947) 25

The Dinning Sisters, “Buttons and Bows” (1947) 27

Merle Travis, Folk Songs of the Hills (1947) 28

Dale Evans, “Don’t Ever Fall in Love with a Cowboy” (1949) 30

INTERLUDE: THE PRODUCER AS DIRECTOR 33

2. TAPING TRACKS: CREATING THE PERFORMANCE, 1950–1966 37

Lefty Frizzell, Look What Thoughts Will Do (1950–1965) 38

Martha Carson, “Satisfied” (1951) 40

Hank Williams, “I’ll Never Get Out of This World Alive” (1952) 40

Tex Ritter, “High Noon (Do Not Forsake Me)” (1952) 43

Kitty Wells, “It Wasn’t God Who Made Honky Tonk Angels” (1952) 44

Elvis Presley, “That’s All Right” (1954) 45

The Louvin Brothers, “When I Stop Dreaming” (1955) 45

Ferlin Husky, “Gone” (1956) 47

Merle Travis, The Merle Travis Guitar (1956) 47

Elvis Presley, “Blue Moon” (1956) and Elvis Presley (1956) 49

The Million Dollar Quartet, The Complete Million Dollar Quartet (1956) 51

Billy Lee Riley, “Flyin’ Saucers Rock and Roll” and “Red Hot” (1957) 52

Roy Orbison, The Sun Years (1956–1958) 54

Don Gibson, “I Can’t Stop Loving You” and “Oh, Lonesome Me” (1957) 55

Jerry Lee Lewis, “Whole Lotta Shakin’ Goin’ On” (1957) 56

The Everly Brothers, “Bye Bye Love” (1957) 59

Johnny Cash, “Home of the Blues” (1957) 60

Bill Monroe, “Scotland” (1958) 60

Buddy Holly, “Rave On” and “That’s My Desire” (1958) 62

Del Wood, Rags to Riches (1959) 63

George Jones, “White Lightning” (1959) 63

Jim Reeves, “He’ll Have to Go” (1959) 64

Buck Owens, “Excuse Me (I Think I’ve Got a Heartache)” (1960) 65

Brenda Lee, “I’m Sorry” (1960) 66

Floyd Cramer, “Last Date” (1960) 67

Hank Thompson, Hank Thompson at the Golden Nugget (1961) 68

Jim Reeves, “The Blizzard” (1961) 69

Elvis Presley, “Little Sister” (1961) 70

Patsy Cline, “I Fall to Pieces” and “Crazy” (1961) 70

Ray Stevens, “Santa Claus Is Watching You” (1962) 73

Bobby Bare, The Essential Bobby Bare (1962) 73

Ray Charles, Modern Sounds in Country and Western Music (1962) 74

Dickey Lee, “Patches” (1962) 76

Hank Snow, “I’ve Been Everywhere” (1962) 77

Johnny Cash, “Ring of Fire” (1963) 78

Ernest Tubb, “Thanks a Lot” (1963) 79

Elvis Presley, “It Hurts Me” (1963) 80

Dave Dudley, “Six Days on the Road” (1963) 82

Patsy Cline, “Faded Love” (1963) 82

Brook Benton, On the Countryside (1964) 84

Roger Miller at RCA, Platinum and Gold Collection (1960–1961) 84

Roger Miller at Mercury, Golden Hits (1964–1969) 85

Merle Haggard and the Strangers, Strangers (1965) 87

Glen Campbell, Song Demos (1965) and “I Knew Jesus (Before He Was a Star)” (1973) 88

The Essential Porter Wagoner and Dolly Parton, The Essential Dolly Parton, and The Essential Connie Smith (1965) 89

Chet Atkins, “Yakety Axe” (1965) 92

Joe Tex, “Hold What You Got,” (1965) 93

Bob Dylan, Highway 61 Revisited (1965) 96

Charley Pride, “The Snakes Crawl at Night” (1965) 97

Bob Dylan, “Sad-Eyed Lady of the Lowlands” (1966) 99

Jerry Lee Lewis, “Memphis Beat” (1966) 100

INTERLUDE: STUDIO MATTERS 103

3. MULTITRACKING: CONSTRUCTING THE PERFORMANCE, 1967–1991 113

Otis Redding, “(Sittin’ on) The Dock of the Bay” (1967) 114

John Hartford, “Gentle on My Mind” (1967) 116

The Byrds, Younger Than Yesterday (1967) 117

Jack Reno, “Repeat after Me” (1967) 118

Jeannie C. Riley, “Harper Valley P.T.A.” (1968) 119

Conway Twitty, “Next in Line” (1968) 120

Porter Wagoner, “The Carroll County Accident” (1968) 121

Johnny Cash, Johnny Cash at Folsom Prison (1968) 123

Dusty Springfield, Dusty in Memphis (1969) 124

Loretta Lynn, “Coal Miner’s Daughter” (1969) 126

Roger Miller, “Me and Bobby McGee” (1969) 127

Elvis Presley, Memphis 1969 Anthology: Suspicious Minds (1969) 128

Ray Price, “For the Good Times” (1970) 130

Kenny Rogers, Kenny Rogers & the First Edition Greatest Hits (1971) 131

The Allman Brothers Band, The Allman Brothers Band at Fillmore East (1971) 132

Nitty Gritty Dirt Band, Will the Circle Be Unbroken (1972) 132

Al Green, “For the Good Times,” I’m Still in Love with You (1972) 136

Charlie Rich, It Ain’t Gonna Be That Way—The Complete Smash Sessions (1965–66) 137

Charlie Rich, “Behind Closed Doors” (1973) 138

B. J. Thomas, “Hooked on a Feeling” (1973) 139

Don Williams, The Definitive Collection (1973) 141

Tompall Glaser, The Great Tompall and His Outlaw Band (1976) 142

Waylon Jennings, Lonesome, On’ry and Mean (1973) 143

Waylon Jennings, Honky Tonk Heroes (1973) 144

Willie Nelson, Phases and Stages (1974) 146

Dolly Parton, “Jolene” (1974) 149

George Jones and Tammy Wynette, “(We’re Not) The Jet Set” (1974) 151

Eagles, Their Greatest Hits 1971–1975 152

The Earl Scruggs Revue, Anniversary Special (1975) 153

Tom T. Hall, “I Like Beer” (1975) 153

The Statler Brothers, “Flowers on the Wall” (1975) 154

George Jones and Tammy Wynette, “Golden Ring” (1976) 155

Jennifer Warnes, “Right Time of the Night” (1976) 156

Jerry Lee Lewis, “Middle Aged Crazy” (1977) 157

Crystal Gayle, “Don’t It Make My Brown Eyes Blue” (1977) 158

Anne Murray, “You Needed Me” (1978) 159

Mel Tillis, I Believe in You (1978) 161

Merle Haggard, Back to the Barrooms (1980) 163

George Jones, “He Stopped Loving Her Today” (1980) 163

George Strait, Strait Country (1981) 165

Merle Travis, Travis Pickin’ (1981) 166

Reba McEntire, Unlimited (1982) 168

Hank Williams Jr., “A Country Boy Can Survive” (1982) 168

George Strait, “Amarillo by Morning” (1983) 171

George Strait, Does Fort Worth Ever Cross Your Mind (1984) 173

Reba McEntire, My Kind of Country (1984) 173

Vern Gosdin, “I Can Tell by the Way You Dance (You’re Gonna Love Me Tonight)” (1984) 175

Mekons, Fear and Whiskey (1985) 176

Reba McEntire, “Whoever’s in New England” (1986) 177

Steve Earle, Guitar Town (1986) 178

Lyle Lovett, Lyle Lovett (1986), Pontiac (1987), and Lyle Lovett and His Large Band (1989) 179

Nanci Griffith, Kathy Mattea, “Love at the Five and Dime” and “Goin’ Gone” (1986–87) 181

Dwight Yoakam, Guitars, Cadillacs, Etc., Etc. (1986) 182

Keith Whitley, “Miami, My Amy” (1986) 184

Restless Heart, Wheels (1986), and Alan Jackson, Here in the Real World (1989) 184

Merle Travis, Rough, Rowdy and Blue (1986) 185

Lucinda Williams, Lucinda Williams (1988) 186

Michelle Shocked, Short Sharp Shocked (1988) 187

Clint Black, Killin’ Time (1989) 188

Kathy Mattea, “Where’ve You Been” (1989) 190

Kenny Rogers, Something Inside So Strong (1989) 190

Garth Brooks, Garth Brooks (1989) 192

Garth Brooks, No Fences (1990) 194

Suzy Bogguss, Aces (1991) 196

Marty Brown, High and Dry (1991) 198

Hal Ketchum, Past the Point of Rescue (1991) 198

Brooks & Dunn, “Brand New Man” (1991) 200

Pam Tillis, Put Yourself in My Place (1991) 203

Reba McEntire, For My Broken Heart (1991) 204

Jimmie Dale Gilmore, After Awhile (1991) 205

INTERLUDE: THE WRITER AS PRODUCER—AN INTERVIEW WITH BOBBY BRADDOCK 207

4. ENCODING TRACKS: COMPOSITING THE PERFORMANCE, 1992–PRESENT 217

Brooks & Dunn, “Boot Scootin’ Boogie (Dance Mix)” (1992) 217

Wynonna Judd, Wynonna (1992) 220

Joy Lynn White, Between Midnight & Hindsight (1992) and Wild Love (1994) 221

John Anderson, Seminole Wind (1992) 222

Cowboy Junkies, Black Eyed Man (1992) 222

Iris DeMent, Infamous Angel (1992) and My Life (1993) 223

Eddy Arnold, Last of the Love Song Singers: Then and Now (1993), et al. 226

Nanci Griffith, Other Voices, Other Rooms (1993) 226

Various, Tulare Dust: A Songwriters’ Tribute to Merle Haggard (1994) 227

The Mavericks, What a Crying Shame (1994) 228

John Michael Montgomery, “I Swear” (1994) 229

Lyle Lovett, I Love Everybody (1994) 230

Alejandro Escovedo, Thirteen Years (1994) 230

Big Sandy and His Fly-Rite Boys, Jumping from 6 to 6 (1994), Swingin’ West (1995); The Derailers, Reverb Deluxe (1997) 231

Vince Gill, “Go Rest High on That Mountain” (1995) 232

The Bottle Rockets, The Brooklyn Side (1995) 233

Jerry and Tammy Sullivan, At the Feet of God (1995) 234

Herb Jeffries, The Bronze Buckaroo (Rides Again) (1995) 236

Blue Mountain, Dog Days (1995) 237

Faith Hill, It Matters to Me (1995) 237

Dwight Yoakam, Gone (1995) 238

Deana Carter, “Strawberry Wine” (1996) 239

Various, Rig Rock Deluxe: A Musical Salute to the American Truck Driver (1996) 240

Cowboy Junkies, Lay It Down (1996) 241

Trace Adkins, “Every Light in the House Is On” (1996) 243

Joy Lynn White, The Lucky Few (1997) 243

k. d. lang, Drag (1997), and Chris Whitley, Dirt Floor (1998) 244

Clint Black, Nothin’ But the Taillights (1997) 245

George Strait, One Step at a Time (1998) 247

Emmylou Harris, Spyboy (1998) 248

Jim Lauderdale, Whisper (1998) 249

Lucinda Williams, Car Wheels on a Gravel Road (1998) 250

Robert Earl Keen Jr., Walking Distance (1998) 251

Jonboy Langford & the Pine Valley Cosmonauts, Salute the Majesty of Bob Wills (1998) 251

Vince Gill, The Key (1998) 253

Randy Travis, You and You Alone (1998) 254

Dixie Chicks, Wide Open Spaces (1998) and Fly (1999) 255

Mandy Barnett, I’ve Got a Right to Cry (1999) 258

Hal Ketchum, Awaiting Redemption (1999) 259

The Derailers, Full Western Dress (1999) 262

The Bottle Rockets, Brand New Year (1999), and Shania Twain, Come on Over (1997) 263

John Prine, In Spite of Ourselves (1999) 264

Montgomery Gentry, Tattoos & Scars (1999) 267

Allison Moorer, The Hardest Part (2000) 267

The Yayhoos, Fear Not the Obvious (2001) 268

Tim McGraw, Set This Circus Down (2001) 269

Norah Jones, Come Away with Me (2002) 270

Montgomery Gentry, You Do Your Thing (2004) 271

George Strait, It Just Comes Natural (2006) 272

Various, Crazy Heart: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack (2010) 273

Index 275

Photographs follow pages 102 and 206.

Producing Country

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