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Epidemiological studies examine relationships between exposures and health‐related outcomes in populations. In the context of nutritional epidemiology, exposures might include individual diet, community health intervention programmes, supplementation, food advertising, dietary advice, or other nutrition‐related variables. Outcomes can include changes in nutrition‐related blood biochemistry (e.g. cholesterol levels, haemoglobin), clinical outcomes (e.g. xerophthalmia, obesity), or morbidity or mortality statistics relating to nutrition.

Epidemiological studies fall into three categories.