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1 1 Harper, 2014, p. 10.

2 2 Mayers et al., 1995, cited in Harper p. 230.

3 3 Baier, 1986, referenced in Cheshire, p. 55.

4 4 Hardin, 2001.

5 5 Cheshire, 2001, p. 52.

6 6 Dasgupta, 1988.

7 7 Gambetta, 1988.

8 8 There is a wider question about whether money is real and whether bank accounts truly transfer anything when balances are updated, but such discussions are beyond the scope of this book.

9 9 Open source software “is software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, and enhance”— Opensource.com (2021).

10 10 The definition of what exactly counts as “rational” behaviour may be in itself an issue of debate.

11 11 Axelrod, 1990.

12 12 Heap and Varoufakis, 1995.

13 13 Rathburn, 2011, p. 24.

14 14 Rathburn, 2011, p. 28.

15 15 Schneier, 2012.

16 16 Hobbes 1651; 1996.

17 17 Rousseau, 1762.

18 18 Chomsky's criticisms of the British Empire, for example, are particularly trenchant in this regard (Chomsky, 2015, p. 109).

19 19 Carroll, 1889.

20 20 Fukuyama, 1995.

21 21 Coleman, 1986.

22 22 O'Neill, 2002.

23 23 Gambetta, 1988, pp. 158–175.

24 24 Farrell, 2009.

25 25 Axelrod, 1990.

26 26 Coleman, 1986.

27 27 e-Residency, 2019.

28 28 Paine, 1791, 1792; 2000.

29 29 Kuhn, 1962.

30 30 Katz, 2020.

31 31 Chomsky, 2015, p. 135.

32 32 Nock, 1993, pp. 147-148.

33 33 Related movements include “open management” and “open data”.

34 34 Lloyd, 1999.

35 35 Horrible Histories, 2017.

36 36 Gibson, 1993.

37 37 Wikipedia, “List of Cognitive Biases”, 2020.

38 38 Tversky and Kahneman, 1982.

39 39 Tversky and Kahneman, 1982.

40 40 We are not helped in this task by the fact that our view of the evidence of their behaviour is equally prone to cognitive bias: we may be convinced that they are acting irrationally even when they are acting rationally. This endless cycle of second-guessing is one of the reasons human-to-human trust relationships are so complex and have generated so much study in the literature.

41 41 Deutsch and Krauss, 1960.

42 42 WarGames, 1983.

43 43 Schneier, 2012, pp. 79–80.

44 44 Russell, 2015.

45 45 National Trust, no date.

46 46 League Against Cruel Sports, no date.

47 47 Turing, 1950.

48 48 Rossi, 2019.

49 49 The fields of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) are intertwined and often listed together as AI/ML.

50 50 Grimshaw, 2009.

51 51 Anderson and Moore (2009).

52 52 Anderson and Moore (2006).

53 53 Harper, 2014, p. 78.

54 54 Anderson and Tyler, 2006, p. 611.

55 55 Wikipedia, “Externality”, 2020.

56 56 There are, of course, problems associated with somebody who is not authorised to look at particular sets of logs accessing them and being able to view—or maybe manipulate—information to which they should not have access. This, however, is a failure of the broader system and not directly relevant to our point.