Читать книгу Food Regulation - Neal D. Fortin - Страница 167

This chapter studies the regulation of nutritional labeling and nutritional claims. The next chapter covers health claims. These topics warrant treatment in complete chapters for several reasons. Nutrition and health are matters of keen consumer interest, and with the graying of the baby boom generation, this interest gains added focus. Consequently, nutritional claims and health claims can be potent marketing tools for the sale of food.

Nutrition and health is also an area of fast‐paced change, which is still evolving. Historically, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) prohibited health claims in food labeling. Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) before 1990, all health claims were considered illegal drug claims. The FD&C Act and FDA’s policy on health claims reflected our past limited understanding of the link between nutrition and disease.

As science advances, increasing evidence establishes additional links between diet and health. Evidence substantiating claims of nutrient links to diseases and other health‐related conditions meant that the law needed to evolve to keep pace. In 1990, the Nutrition Labeling and Education Act (NLEA) amended the FD&C Act to allow health claims for foods and dietary supplements under limited conditions. The FDA Modernization Act of 1997 (FDAMA) further amended the FD&C Act to permit health claims based on an “authoritative statement” linking a nutrient to a disease made by a scientific body. In December 2002, FDA announced the availability for companies to petition the FDA to authorize qualified health claims.

In short, proper nutrition is a matter of great public health concern. It has been a priority objective of both political parties and numerous administrations. Accordingly, government programs relating to nutrition, rate high importance among the various agency functions. The health problems of overweight and obesity have focused concern toward the food label; however, contrary to popular belief, the Nutrition Facts label was not intended to change consumer behavior or directly impact the problem of obesity. The label was intended to provide information to consumers who were actively seeking to control calories or other nutrients. In addition, it was hoped that informed consumer choices would help drive development of healthier products in the marketplace.

In 2016, the FDA revised the Nutrition Facts panel to make it easier for people to use. As a result of recommendations made by an FDA task force, FDA revised its requirements to reflect current information about nutrition science.

While the food label was not designed to change consumer behavior, there have been many proposals in that regard. The approaches that have been suggested include restricting soft drink size, advertising campaigns for healthier eating, a tax on fatty foods, a stop light system for categories of food, warning statements on “junk” food, subsidies for fruit and vegetable purchases, a soda tax for sugary drinks, and so on. Many of these schemes have difficulties with putting the concept into practice; for example, where does one draw the line for “junk” food. Ultimately, proposals to alter consumer behavior are politically controversial and generally have lacked sufficient support for enactment into law. To date, the central pillars of government efforts to prevent overweight and obesity are promotion of healthy diet rich in fruits and vegetables and encouraging regular physical activity.¹

FIGURE 4.1 Example of a Nutrition Fact Panel Tabular Format.

Nonetheless, we can expect to see continued attention on this issue. The total cost attributed to people being overweight and obese was estimated to account for $210 billion in medical spending in the year 2008 or 20 percent of the total national health expenditures.² Thus, the cost of treatment for illnesses related to obesity rivals the financial toll of smoking‐related disease. Although debate continues about whether obesity is a personal or societal issue, it is hard to disagree that the government has an interest in finding solutions when it is the government, and ultimately the taxpayer, that is financing much of the economic burden of obesity.