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Nicholas Ostler
Empires of the Word: A Language History of the World
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PREFACE
Table of Contents
PROLOGUE: A CLASH OF LANGUAGES
PART I THE NATURE OF LANGUAGE HISTORY
1 Themistocles’ Carpet
The language view of human history
The state of nature
Literacy and the beginning of language history
An inward history too
2 What It Takes to Be a World Language; or, You Never Can Tell
PART II LANGUAGES BY LAND
3 The Desert Blooms: Language Innovation in the Middle East
Three sisters who span the history of 4500 years
The story in brief: Language leapfrog
Sumerian—the first classical language: Life after death
FIRST INTERLUDE: WHATEVER HAPPENED TO ELAMITE?
Akkadian—world-beating technology: A model of literacy
Phoenician—commerce without culture: Canaan, and points west
Aramaic—the desert song: Interlingua of western Asia
SECOND INTERLUDE: THE SHIELD OF FAITH
Arabic—eloquence and equality: The triumph of ‘submission’
THIRD INTERLUDE: TURKIC AND PERSIAN, OUTRIDERS OF ISLAM
A Middle Eastern inheritance: The glamour of the desert nomad
4 Triumphs of Fertility: Egyptian and Chinese
Careers in parallel
Language along the Nile
A stately progress
Immigrants from Libya and Kush
Competition from Aramaic and Greek
Changes in writing
Final paradoxes
Language from Huang-he to Yangtze
Origins
First Unity
Retreat to the south
Northern influences
Beyond the southern sea
Dealing with foreign devils
Whys and wherefores
Holding fast to a system of writing
Foreign relations
China’s disciples
Coping with invasions: Egyptian undercut
Coping with invasions: Chinese unsettled
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