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Nick Monaco. Bots
Table of Contents
Guide
Pages
Series Title. Digital Media and Society Series
Bots
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
1 What is a Bot?
Where Does the Word ‘‘Bot’’ Come From?
History of the Bot
Early bots – Daemons and ELIZA
Bots and the early internet: Infrastructural roles on Usenet
Bots proliferate on internet relay chat
Bots and online gaming on MUD environments
Bots and the World Wide Web
Crawlers, web-indexing bots
Spambots and the development of the Robot Exclusion Standard
Social media and the dawn of social bots
Different Types of Bots
APIs – How bots connect to websites and social media
Social bots
Chatbots
Service bots and bureaucrat bots
Crawlers/spiders
Spambots
Cyborgs
Zombies, or compromised-device bots
Lots of bots – botnets
Misnomers and Misuse
Important bot characteristics
Conclusion
Notes
2 Bots and Social Life
Bots and Global Society
Social Bots, Social Media
Bots, Journalism, and the News
Bots, Dating, Videogames, and More
Conclusion
Notes
3 Bots and Political Life
Astroturfing, Inauthenticity, and Manual Messaging
Identifying Bots: Actors, Behavior, Content
The Tactics Used by Political Bots
Dampening
Hashtag poisoning
DDoS attacks
Amplification
Harassment
Political Bots and Their Uses
Influencing voter turnout
Surveillance
Passive surveillance – information gathering and analytics
Active surveillance – transparency
Social activism – The dawn of the bots populi
The Bot Arms Race
Conclusion
Notes
4 Bots and Commerce
What Is a Business Bot?
Business Chatbots and Customer Service
Transactional Bots and Finance
Conclusion
Notes
5 Bots and Artificial Intelligence
What Is AI?
History of AI and Bots
What Limits the Progress of AI?
Agent-Based AI, the Semantic Web and Machine Learning
How Bots Use AI
Bot detection
Chatbots and Natural Language Processing (NLP)
Non-AI chatbots
Corpus-based chatbots and fuzzy logic
AI-based chatbots
Conversational interfaces and AI assistant chatbots
Open-domain chatbots
Conclusion
6 Theorizing the Bot
Theorizing Human–Computer Interaction and Human–Machine Communication
Overview of the Literature
The Human–Bot Relationship
The Infrastructural Role of Bots
Conclusion
Notes
7 Conclusion The Future of Bots
The Future of Bot Development and Evolution
NLP
Synthetic media
Semantic Web
Future Questions for Bot Policy
Future Ethical Questions
The Future Study of Bots
Notes
References
Index
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Отрывок из книги
nick monaco and samuel woolley
Nick
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Though Google eventually became the dominant search engine for navigating the web, the 1990s saw a host of corporate and individual search engine start-ups, all of which used bots to index the web. The first of these was Matthew Grey’s World Wide Web Wanderer in 1993. The next year, Brian Pinkerton wrote WebCrawler, and Michael Mauldin created Lycos (Latin for “wolf spider”), both of which were even more powerful spiders than the World Wide Web Wanderer. Other search engines, like AltaVista and (later) Google, also employed bots to perfect the art of searching for8 and organizing information on the web9 (Indiana University Knowledge Base, 2020; Leonard, 1997, pp. 121–124). The indexable internet – that is, publicly available websites on the World Wide Web that allow themselves to be visited by crawler bots and be listed in search engine results – is known as the “clear web.”10
We have already seen that bots can be used for either good or bad ends, and World Wide Web bots were no different. Originally used as a solution to the problem of organizing and trawling through vast amounts of information on the World Wide Web, bots were quickly adapted for more devious purposes. As the 1990s went on and the World Wide Web (and other online communities like Usenet and IRC) continued to grow, entrepreneurial technologists realized that there was a captive audience on the other end of the terminal. This insight led to the birth of the spambot: online automated tools to promote commercial products and advertisements at scale.
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