Читать книгу Engineering Physics of High-Temperature Materials - Nirmal K. Sinha - Страница 58

Bulk defects are larger‐scale defects in the solid and can often be viewed even with the naked eye. Bulk defects include (i) inclusions – generally unwanted second‐phase particles; (ii) cracks and microcracks – regions where the material has discontinuities or fractures; and (iii) pores – voids present in the material often as a result of volume change resulting from phase changes. As might be expected, bulk defects can have a significant impact on optical, thermal, and mechanical properties of a material.