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1  1 Desiderius Erasmus, The Complaint of Peace; to which is added Antipolemus; or, The Plea of Reason, Religion and Humanity, Against War, transl. thought to be by T. Paynell, 1st American edn, Boston, and Burlington, NJ, D. Allinson, 1813, pp. 61–2 (text of The Complaint of Peace originally published as Querela Pacis, 1521).

2  2 Siep Stuurman, De uitvinding van de mensheid, Amsterdam, Bert Bakker, 2009, pp. 127ff.

3  3 Zeno of Citium, cited by Plutarch, ‘On the Fortune of Alexander’, in The Philosophie, Commonly Called, the Morals, Written by the Learned Philosopher, Plutarch of Chæronea. Translated Out of Greeke Into English, and Conferred with the Latine Translations, and the French, by Philemon Holland, London, J. Kirton, 1657, p. 1032.

4  4 See for example Martha Nussbaum, ‘Kant and Cosmopolitanism’, in Garret Brown and David Held (eds.), The Cosmopolitan Reader, London, Wiley, 2010. I have also drawn upon Pauline Kleingeld, ‘Wereldburgers in eigen land: Over kosmopolitisme en patriottisme’, lecture at the University of Groningen, 30 September 2005.

5  5 Marcus Aurelius, Meditations, transl. George Long, London, Blackie and Son, 1910, IV.4, pp. 34–5.

6  6 Ibid., VII.13, p. 85.

7  7 Ibid., X.15, p. 142.

8  8 Jan Papy et al. (eds.), Erasmus: Een portret in brieven, Amsterdam, Boom, 2003, pp. 152–3.

9  9 Margaret Mann Phillips, The ‘Adages’ of Erasmus: A Study with Translations, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1964, p. 321.

10 10 Erasmus, Complaint of Peace, p. 112.

11 11 Ibid., p. 110.

12 12 Desiderius Erasmus, Against War, with an Introduction by J. W. Mackail, Boston, Merrymount Press, 1907, p. 55.

13 13 Erika Rummel (ed.), The Erasmus Reader, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1990, p. 325.

14 14 Immanuel Kant, Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay, transl. M. Campbell Smith, London, George Allen & Unwin, 1903, p. 120 (originally published as Zum ewigen Frieden: Ein philosophischer Entwurf, Königsberg, 1795).

15 15 Ibid., p. 128.

16 16 Ibid., p. 137.

17 17 Immanuel Kant, The Critique of Judgement, transl. J. H. Bernard, 2nd edn., London, Macmillan, 1914, I. Book II, § 28, p. 128 (originally published as Kritik der Urteilskraft, Berlin, F. T. Lagarde und Friederich, 1790).

18 18 Immanuel Kant, Religion Within the Limits of Reason Alone, transl. Theodore M. Greene and Hoyt H. Hudson, London, Harper and Row, 1960, p. 40 (originally published as Die Religion innerhalb der Grenzen der bloßen Vernunft, Königsberg, 1793).

19 19 Ibid., p. 32.

20 20 Ibid., p. 121.

21 21 Ibid., p. 3.

22 22 Ibid., pp. 5–6.

23 23 Cited in Marc Crépon, Les géographies de l’esprit: Enquête sur la caractérisation des peuples de Leibniz à Hegel, Paris, Payot, 1996, p. 169.

24 24 Here I have taken a number of paragraphs from Paul Scheffer, Het land van aankomst, Amsterdam, De Bezige Bij, 2007, pp. 256–7; English edn, Immigrant Nations, transl. Liz Waters, Cambridge, Polity, 2011, pp. 188–90.

25 25 David Hume, ‘Of National Characters’, 1741, in David Hume, Essays, Moral, Political and Literary, London, Grant Richards, 1903, p. 213, n.1.

26 26 Montesquieu, The Complete Works of M. de Montesquieu Translated from the French, vol. I, ‘The Spirit of Laws’, ch. 4, Dublin, 1777, p. 298.