Читать книгу Kansai Japanese - Peter Tse - Страница 11
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STANDARD KANSAI LANGUAGE
While old people in Kyōto, Kōbe, Nagoya, Ōsaka, Okayama, and Hiroshima speak noticeably distinct strains of Western Japanese, there seems to be a trend toward a new standard for the region. The basis for this standard is the speech of the Kyōto-Kōbe-Ōsaka region. Although differences exist from speaker to speaker and from locale to locale, in the degree to which the local dialect and Tōkyō expressions have been incorporated, most of what the younger generation says in Western Japan will match the Japanese in this chapter. In later chapters the traditional styles of Kyōto, Ōsaka, and Hiroshima speech, now mostly spoken by rural and older people, will be covered in depth.
HOW MUCH?
If you go to one of Kyōto’s many temple flea markets, such as the one at Kitano-Tenmangu on the 25th of each month, you’re bound to hear some tough bargaining. These markets are good for finding traditional wares and food, and great for hearing Western Japanese in action.
w: Kore nanbo ya?
e: Kore wa ikura desu ka?
How much is this?
w: Mittsu kōtara chotto makete kurehen ka?
e: Mittsu kattara chotto makete kuremasen ka?
If I buy three will you lower the price a little?
w/e: Hai, hassen en ni maketokō.
O.K. I’ll lower it to eight thousand yen.
w: A: Chotto maketoite ya.
B: Sunmahen, makarimahen nen.
e: A: Sukoshi waribiki dekimasen ka?
B: Gomen nasai, waribiki dekinain desu.
A: Can you reduce the price a little?
B: Sorry, I can’t give a discount.
w: Oterasan no nominoichi wa doko?
e: Otera no nominoichi wa doko?
Where’s the temple flea market?
People in Kansai affix san to certain words. They refer to temples as oterasan. Older people say arigatosan (thank you), ohayōsan (good morning), eraisan (big shot), and ansan (polite you).
w: Kore wa bottakuri yatta.
e: Kau kachi wa nakatta./Borareta.
This was a rip-off.
Bottakuru means to overcharge.
w: Kore wa honma ni horidashimon ya.
e: Kore wa honto ni horidashimono da.
This is a real bargain.
w: Machigainō ureru.
e: Machigainaku ureru.
You’ll have no problem selling these.
Nambo can also be substituted for other meanings of ikura.
w: Nanbo yattemo wakarahen wa!
e: Ikura yattemo wakaranai yo!
No matter how many times I try to do it, I still don’t understand!
w: Nanbo demo motte kite.
e: Ikura demo motte kite kudasai.
Bring as many as you feel like.
w: Nanbo nandemo aisu kuriimu gurai kōte kuretemo ēn chau?
e: Ikura nandemo aisu kuriimu gurai katte kuretemo iin ja nai?
Don’t you think that you could at least buy some ice cream for me?
w: Nanbo nandemo sore wa hidoi wa.
e: Ikura nandemo sore wa hidoi desu.
That’s absolutely horrible.
GREETINGS
If you walk into a little mom-and-pop shop around Kyōto, you’ll probably be greeted with oideyasu rather than the standard irasshai. And when you leave you will probably hear maido or ōkini rather than the standard arigatō gozaimasu.
w: Maido, ōkini!
e: Domo arigatō gozaimasu!
Thank you very much!
Maido literally means “every time,” but carries the nuance of “always at your service.” Ōkini means “thank you,” and sounds friendlier than arigatō gozaimasu.
w: Oideyasu!/Yō okoshi!/Okoshiyasu!
e: Irasshai!
Come in! Welcome!
w: Gomenyasu.
e: Gomen kudasai.
Anybody home?/Sorry to trouble you.
This is said, for example, when you are calling in the front door in hopes that somebody is in.
w: Hisashiburi ya ne.
e: Hisashiburi desu ne.
Long time no see.
w: Ē tenki ya ne.
e: Ii tenki desu ne.
Nice day, isn’t it.
The expressive particles na and ne can be used interchangeably. Na sounds a lot tougher than ne, and its use is frowned upon by delicate people. Be that as it may, both men and women use na all the time in Western japan, much more so than in Tōkyō.
w: Sunmahen./Sunmasen.
e: Sumimasen./Suimasen.
Excuse me.
Sunmahen is not considered to be as polite as sumimasen. It is very effective, however, when you need people out of the way in a hurry, like when you are trying to shove your way out of a packed train.
Os, Ya, and Oi are common informal greetings in both Western and Eastern Japanese. Os has a tough air of comradery. It is used among teammates and the like, although teenage girls also use it. Ya would be used, for example, when some people see their colleagues sitting at another table in a pub. Konban wa would sound too formal in such a situation. Oi would be used when you see a kid stealing your bike across the street.
w/e: Konnichiwa. /Konbanwa.
Good day./Good evening.
w: Ohayō./Ohayōsan dosu.
e: Ohayō gozaimasu.
Good morning.
w/e: Oyasumi./Oyasuminasai.
Good night.
HOW ARE YOU?
Like people the world over, the Japanese exchange greetings with people they know. However, unlike Americans, Japanese rarely say hello to people they pass on the street unless they have actually met them.
w: Genki ka?
e: Genki?
Feeling good?
w/e: Mm! Genki yo!
Yeah, I’m feeling great!
w: Genki ya.
e: Genki da yo.
I’m fine.
w: Nanka kawatta koto atta ka?
e: Nanika kawatta koto atta?
Anything new happened recently?
w: Nanka attan ka?/Nanka attan chau?
e: Nanika atta no?
Is something the matter?
w/e: Betsu ni (nani mo).
Nothing’s wrong.
w/e: Betsu ni nan demo nai.
Nothing in particular (is bothering me).
w: Betsu ni kamahen.
e: Betsu ni kamawanai.
I don’t care./O.K. whatever.
w/e: Ma./Mā ne./Mā na.
Nothing worth mentioning.
w: Donai shitotten? ♂/ Donai shitetan?
e: Dō shiteta?
How’ve you been?
w: Aitsu donai shiten nen? ♂/Ano ko doshiten no? ♀
e: Dō shiten dai? ♂/Aitsu (ano hito, kare) dō shiteru?
How’s he doing?
w: Do shitan?/Nanka attan?
e: Dō shitan da? ♂/Dō shita no?
What’s the matter?
w: Nani yattottan?/Nani yattotten?
e: Nani yatteta?
What were you doing?/What have you been doing?
w: Nani hanashitotten?/Nani hanashitottan?
e: Nani o hanashiteta no?
What were you talking about?/ What have you been talking about?
w: Daijōbu ya.
e: Daijōbu da.
It’s fine.
REALLY?!
One of the most common words in everyday Japanese is honto, or in Western Japanese, honma.
w: Honma?
e: Honto?/Hontō?
Really?
w: Honma ni sō ya na.
e: Honto ni sō da ne.
That’s really the way it is.
w/e: Sono tōri.
What you’re saying is absolutely right.
w: Honmakaina!
e: Honto ka yo! ♂/Uso!
You gotta be kidding./You can’t be for real.
w: Sonna koto arukaina.
e: Sanna koto aru ka yo. ♂/Sonna koto aru hazu (wa) nai.
It can’t exist./It can’t be there./He can’t possibly have it.
w: Kyōryū ga ottakaina.
e: Kyōryū ga ita ka yo. ♂/ Kyōryū ga ita hazu wa nai.
Dinosaurs can’t possibly have existed.
w: Chotto sakki koko wa doko kaina ’te kanji yatta.
e: Chotto mae koko wa doko ka na to iu kanji datta ne.
Just a second ago I had a feeling like I didn’t know where in the world I was.
The expression -kaina, which means “it can’t be so,” should not be confused with the male question mark kai. Kai is not used much in Western Japan.
w: Nanka hen ka? ♂/Nanka hen?
e: Nanka okashii no kai? ♂
Is something weird?
w: Honma kamo na./Honma kamo wakarehen na./Honma kamo shirehen./Honma kamo shiren.
e: Honto kamo ne./Honto kamo wakaranai ne.
Maybe it’s really true.
w: Sō ieba sō ya na.
e: Sō ieba sō desu ne.
It hadn’t occurred to me, but you’re right.
w: Sō ya de!
e: Sō da yo!
It’s like I say!
w: Sō ya na.
e: Sō desu ne.
That’s so./I agree (with what you’re saying).
w: Sora sō ya.
e: Sore wa sō da.
That’s for sure.
w: Atarimae yanka./Atarimae yan. /Atarimae ya.
e: Atarimae (da yo).
It’s obvious.
It makes sense.
w: Ēn chau ka?
e: lin ja nai ka?
It’s good, isn’t it?
w: Ē nā.
e: li nā.
I’m envious.
That’s great.
w: Yute mi.
e: Itte mite.
Try to say it.
w: Sora waya ya na!/Sora waya kucha ya na!
e: Sore wa mecha da ne!
That’s out of control!
w: Mō waya ya.
e: Mō mecha mecha da.
It’s already turned bad.
Waya in Western Japanese and mecha in Eastern Japanese are expressions used to describe situations that have become chaotic or totally out of control.
w: Nande?/Nande ya nen?/Nande ya?
e: Dōshite?
Why?
w: Nande yarō?
e: Dōshite darō?
What for?/What on earth?
w: Sō nan?/Sō?
e: Sō nano?/Sō?
Is that right?
w/e: Sokka./Sōkka./Naruhodo.
Is that so./I see.
Although a so desu ka? also means “is that so?” it is rarely used among friends because it sounds stuffy and formal. Sokka and naruhodo are much more casual.
w: Sora dō demo ē kedo ...
e: Betsu ni iin dakedo ...
Anyway .../At any rate ...
w: Dotchi demo ē.
e: Nan demo ii.
Whatever./Either’s fine.
FOOD AND DRINK
In Western Japan, men refer to women in a friendly way as onēchan (big sister) if they don’t know them. Likewise, women refer to men as oniichan (big brother) even if the man is younger.
w: Onēchan, biiru ippon moraemakka? (Ōsaka)
e: Sumimasen, biiru ippon.
Can I have a bottle of beer, please?
w: Biiru ippon chōdai.
e: Biiru ippon kudasai.
One bottle of beer, please.
Chōdai sounds more familiar than kudasai and is used, for example, by regular customers. It is also used in Eastern Japan, but not quite as frequently. Checkout clerks say ni-hyaku-en chōdai itashimasu, which means “two hundred yen, please.”
w: Kore chūkaryōri (to) chau yaro.
e: Kore wa chūkaryōri ja nai deshō.
I’m pretty sure this isn’t Chinese food.
w: Gottsuōsan (deshita).
e: Gochisosama (deshita).
Thanks for the great meal.
w: Chotto otchan, kashiwa ōmori ni shitoite ne.
e: Chotto ojisan, toriniku ōmori ni shitoite ne.
Please give me a lot of chicken, (Uncle).
Kashiwa is Kansai slang for chicken; in Tōkyō it means “oak tree.” The above sentence might be said at a marketplace. Otchan is a friendly abbreviation of ojichan, literally “uncle.” In Japan it is not considered rude to call a shop clerk obasan (aunt) or ojisan (uncle).
w: Mō tabete shimōtan ya./Mō tabete mōta.
e: Mō tabechatta.
I already ate.
w: Mō tabetan yarō.
e: Mō tabetan darō.
They probably already ate.
In most cases yarō can be replaced with yam, just as darō can be replaced with daro. If the above sentences were said with a rising intonation, they would become questions meaning “You ate already, didn’t you?” The question-mark particle ka is generally omitted, although this is more common in Western Japanese.
w: Tabetemo kamahen?/Tabetemo kamahen ka?
e: Tabetemo kamaimasen?/Tabetemo kamawanai?
Do you mind if I eat?
w: Aitsu meshi motte kaette kureru nente. ♂
e: Aitsu meshi o motte kaette kureru ’te. ♂
He said he’d bring food back for us.
w: Nanka mono-taran wa./Nanka mono-tarahen wa.
e: Nanika mono-taranai./Nanika mono-tarinai.
This meal was somehow incomplete.
The previous sentence is said before suggesting that everybody go and have ice cream or something after a meal.
w: Oishii (wa)!
e: Oishii (ne)!
It’s delicious!
w: Mazui wa!/Mazu!
e: Mazui!
It tastes awful!
