Читать книгу Bell's Cathedrals: St. David's - Philip A. Robson - Страница 3
ОглавлениеCHAPTER I
THE SITE AND GENERAL HISTORY OF THE FABRIC
The see of Minevia, or St. David’s, was founded in the sixth century. It has always included the whole of Pembrokeshire, and is by far the most important of the four Welsh sees—St. David’s, St. Asaph, Bangor, and Llandaff. The impressively wild and open scenery which surrounds St. David’s gives it also a natural advantage irrespective of its greater size. But the site of the cathedral cannot be regarded as satisfactory, being close to the little river Alan, on almost marshy ground. Its drainage has consequently always been a source of trouble and expense. In questioning the founder’s choice of site it must always be clearly remembered that the buildings were originally monastic, and that seclusion, combined with a good natural water supply, were regarded by the old monastic builders as primary essentials. Once selected by St. David, however, this site has always been regarded with veneration by those who in later times added to the original foundation.
The existing church is not less than the fourth on this site. The monastic church was destroyed by fire in 645 and the second in 1088, and the third was that visited by Henry II. in 1171 and 1172 (vide Giraldus). The first view of the church generally seen is that from the south-east and from almost on a level with the top of the central tower. The tout ensemble is certainly remarkable, and few thoughtful visitors fail to find a pigeon-hole in their memory for this first impression, which is invariably conjured up by the name “St. David’s.”
Calixtus II. (Pope 1119-1134) canonised St. David in 1131,[1] and the church was solemnly dedicated to him in conjunction with St. Andrew, to whom the previous church had been dedicated. Of this primitive British church, which St. David himself founded long before the coming of St. Augustine, nothing is now visible. For in 1180 Peter de Leiâ, the third Norman bishop (1176-1198), replanned the whole building. Indeed, in consideration of the works being in progress (1189), the Cardinal Legate excused the bishop, Giraldus, and certain others from joining in the Crusade, provided that they contributed towards the expenses of those going and towards the completion of St. David’s Cathedral. It is to this Bishop de Leiâ that St. David’s, even as we see it now, mainly owes its grandeur.
But soon after the completion of the new church the central tower fell, seriously damaging all the adjacent parts, which were rebuilt, including one stage of the tower, by 1248. The foundations, however, on the wet site caused further trouble, and it was not till 1866 that they were properly laid and the tower secured by the late Sir (then Mr.) G. G. Scott. In 1248 an earthquake shook the building in a serious manner, and probably started or aggravated the curious outward inclination of the nave arcade, which can be seen in the illustration, p. 22. The fall of the tower also necessitated alterations in the buildings which had just been erected to the east of the crossing, and no doubt the earthquake also prevented any attempt to complete the stone groining of the nave, for about the year 1500 huge buttresses were added on the north or river side to prevent further settlements. Bishop Martyn (1296-1328) completed De Leiâ’s plan by adding the Lady Chapel; but his immediate successor, Bishop Gower (1328-1347), has, more surely than any prelate—not excepting De Leiâ—left his impress on the present buildings. Under his direction a stage was added to the tower; the south porch was built; the walls of the aisles were raised to their present height and preparations made for vaulting; the eastern chapel to the south transept and alterations to those east of the north transept were carried out; the aisles received Decorated windows and their walls buttresses; and the very remarkable Rood-screen and its adjuncts were then first added. Of his splendid episcopal palace across the Alan more anon.
FROM SPEED’S MAP OF PEMBROKE.
FROM SPEED’S MAP OF PEMBROKE.
In the Perpendicular period the principal alterations were the renewal of the main roofs; the addition of the huge buttresses on the north side of the nave; the vaulting of the chapel just east of the Presbytery, and the addition of one more stage to the tower. It should be noted that this was the only period in which the difficulties of vaulting were overcome, although extensive preparations for a sexpartite system had been made.
Nothing of note was done to the fabric for a long period after this, till Bishop Field whitewashed the cathedral internally in 1630! Then we find that during the Civil War much damage was done, traces of which can be easily found in the ruined chapels east of the Presbytery. The transepts and Lady Chapel were stripped of their lead, and consequently fell into a state of ruin. The roofs of the former were reconstructed in 1696, but the vaulting to the latter did not fall till nearly eighty years later. Sundry precautions were taken to prevent the main fabric from falling into absolute ruin—e.g., the southern arch of the tower was filled up; but St. David’s had fallen on evil days, and it is not till nearly 1800 that we read of a subscription for rebuilding the West Front from plans by Nash which are said to have been approved by the Society of Antiquaries. The frontispiece to this chapter shows this front as it was before Scott’s great restoration of 1862. The additions from 1800 to 1862, as given by Messrs. Jones and Freeman, make extensive reading, but do not count for very much in the building. The Chapel of St. Thomas, east of the North Transept, was converted into a Chapter House 1827. During the forties the South Transept was re-arranged as a parish church and the seventeenth-century vestry was treated as a kind of eastern aisle. Butterfield added some Decorated windows—notably the great North Transept window—and the north aisle of the Presbytery again received a roof.
In 1862 Scott was requisitioned by Bishop Thirlwall to examine the fabric and make a report on its proposed complete restoration, and in 1869 he was able, in his second report, to announce the satisfactory repair of the tower. This work was one of extreme difficulty, as will be seen from the Appendix (see p. 97). The church was then for the first time properly drained; and the next parts to be taken in hand by Scott were the Choir, Presbytery and their aisles, and after that De Leiâ’s original Transitional work, at a cost of about £40,000. This amount included Willis’s organ, and the reconstruction of the West Front in memory of Bishop Thirlwall (of which latter the Very Rev. James Allen,
SOUTH-WEST VIEW OF THE CATHEDRAL BEFORE THE RESTORATION OF 1862.
afterwards Dean, was the inaugurator). Dean Allen contributed in a most generous way towards the restoration, as, inter alia, the expenses of the renovation of the North Transept, St. Thomas’s Chapel, Library, and Treasury, and the roofs of Bishop Vaughan’s Chapel and the ante-chapels he defrayed entirely. The Rev. J. M. Treherne and his wife each gave £2,000 by legacy, and the latter gave an annual subscription of £200 during her life.
It is most welcome news that the present Dean and Chapter have already started a fund for the final section of the restoration, viz., that of the ruinous eastern chapels, wherein is exquisite work being surely destroyed. And it is hardly too much to expect that the Welsh will not fail to respond to this dual opportunity for at once reverencing their Patron Saint and removing what is to-day indeed a national reproach.
