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1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 A two‐dimensional Bravais lattice.Figure 1.2 Illustration of (primitive and nonprimitive) unit cells and of th...Figure 1.3 A two‐dimensional Bravais lattice with different choices for the ...Figure 1.4 (a) Simple cubic structure; (b) body‐centered cubic structure; an...Figure 1.5 Structures of CsCl and NaCl. The spheres are depicted much smalle...Figure 1.6 Close packing of spheres leading to the hcp and fcc structures.Figure 1.7 Structures for (a) graphene, (b) graphite, and (c) diamond. Bonds...Figure 1.8 Construction for the derivation of the Bragg condition. The horiz...Figure 1.9 Three different lattice planes in the simple cubic structure char...Figure 1.10 Illustration of X‐ray scattering from a sample. The source and d...Figure 1.11 Top: A chain with a lattice constant as well as its reciprocal...Figure 1.12 Ewald construction for finding the directions in which construct...Figure 1.13 Two‐dimensional lattices.Figure 1.14 Left: two‐dimensional NiO crystal; Right: possible choices of th...Figure 1.15 A two‐dimensional crystal.Figure 1.16 (a) Two‐dimensional crystal structure of a hexagonal close‐packe...Figure 1.17 Two‐dimensional Bravais lattices.

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Typical interatomic potential for bonding in solids accordi...Figure 2.2 (a) Formation of bonding and antibonding energy levels in the i...Figure 2.3 Linear combination of orbitals on neighboring atoms. (a) Two s or...Figure 2.4 The energy changes and for the formation of a hydrogen molecu...Figure 2.5 One‐dimensional chain of ions.

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 (a) Illustration of stress and strain . and are the length...Figure 3.2 Typical stress of a solid as a function of applied strain. and Figure 3.3 Young's modulus for different materials. The values are merely a ...Figure 3.4 Estimate of the yield stress for shearing a solid. (a) Atoms in e...Figure 3.5 An edge dislocation formed by an extra sheet of atoms in a crysta...Figure 3.6 (a) Shearing of a solid in the presence of an edge dislocation. T...Figure 3.7 Calculated local stress field for a crack along the (1,1,1) plane...Figure 3.8 Exposing a wire to tensile stress. The forces act on the entire...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) One‐dimensional chain with one atom per unit cell. denotes ...Figure 4.2 Motion of the atoms in the chain for (a) and (b) .Figure 4.3 Instantaneous positions of atoms in a chain for two different wav...Figure 4.4 (a) One‐dimensional chain with two atoms per unit cell. (b) Allow...Figure 4.5 Motion of the atoms for in the optical branch. represents an ...Figure 4.6 Vibrational spectrum for a finite chain of atoms with a length of...Figure 4.7 (a) Energy level diagram for one harmonic oscillator. (b) Energy ...Figure 4.8 Phonon dispersion in aluminum and diamond. The dispersion is plot...Figure 4.9 Obtaining the interatomic force constant from Young's modulus for...Figure 4.10 Temperature‐dependent heat capacity of diamond. Data from Desnoy...Figure 4.11 Temperature‐dependent heat capacity according to the Einstein mo...Figure 4.12 (a) Points of integers that represent the allowed vibrational ...Figure 4.13 Temperature‐dependent thermal conductivity of Si. Adapted from G...Figure 4.14 Classical picture for the thermal expansion of a solid. The inte...Figure 4.15 Gibbs free energy for two competing phases A and B. At the tempe...Figure 4.16 (a) Melting temperature as a function of cohesive energy for the...Figure 4.17 (a) Two‐dimensional square lattice with forces acting only betwe...

5 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Measured and calculated electrical conductivities of metals as a ...Figure 5.2 (a) Illustration of the Hall effect. (b) Equilibrium between the ...

6 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 The formation of energy bands in solids. (a) Bonding and antibond...Figure 6.2 Band formation in Si. The lower band is completely occupied with ...Figure 6.3 Electronic states in the free electron model. The increasing ener...Figure 6.4 (a) Density of states for a free electron gas. (b) Fermi–Dirac ...Figure 6.5 Most of the electrons in a metal (roughly those in the dark gray ...Figure 6.6 Sketch of the electronic and lattice contributions to the heat ca...Figure 6.7 Screening of a positively charged impurity in a metal. (a) The oc...Figure 6.8 Potential due to a positive point charge in a metal compared to t...Figure 6.9 Electronic states in the nearly‐free electron model for a one‐dim...Figure 6.10 Qualitative explanation for the gap openings at the Brillouin zo...Figure 6.11 Bands for a one‐dimensional solid calculated within the tight‐bi...Figure 6.12 (a) Electronic energy bands in Al along the –X direction. The i...Figure 6.13 Electronic energy bands for Si and GaAs. These materials have th...Figure 6.14 Illustration of the difference between metals and semiconductors...Figure 6.15 Origin of the electronic energy bands for graphene. (a) sp hybr...Figure 6.16 Simple picture of conduction in a metal. The circles symbolize f...Figure 6.17 Temperature‐dependent heat capacities of two solids.Figure 6.18 Band structure and Brillouin zone of a material.

7 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Charge neutrality and the position of the chemical potential in a...Figure 7.2 Transport of charge in an electric field for a partially filled...Figure 7.3 (a) Sketch of the valence band and conduction band in the vicinit...Figure 7.4 The measurement of cyclotron resonance. The electrons (or holes) ...Figure 7.5 Nonionized dopant atoms in a Si lattice: (a) donor (b) acceptor....Figure 7.6 Energy levels of dopant atoms. (a) The donor ground state is plac...Figure 7.7 Electron density and position of the chemical potential for an n‐...Figure 7.8 The pn junction. (a) Energy levels and carrier densities in separ...Figure 7.9 Idealized model of the depletion zone solved using the Poisson eq...Figure 7.10 Definition of the energies in the pn junction. The VBM on the n ...Figure 7.11 The pn junction as a diode (considering only the electrons, not ...Figure 7.12 Characteristic curve for a pn junction operated as diode.Figure 7.13 Design and working principle of a MOSFET: (a) without applied vo...Figure 7.14 Generation of an inversion layer in the MOSFET. The positive gat...Figure 7.15 Optoelectronic devices. (a) A light‐emitting diode works because...Figure 7.16 Sketch of a silicon solar cell and the electrical contact to an ...Figure 7.17 Band structure of a semiconductor near the band gap.Figure 7.18 Valence band and conduction band near the junction between two s...

8 Chapter 8Figure 8.1 (a) Precession of an atomic magnetic moment in an external field....Figure 8.2 Paramagnetic susceptibility of a solid with localized magnetic mo...Figure 8.3 (a) Density of occupied states for free electrons at K, split u...Figure 8.4 Types of magnetic ordering. The arrows denote the direction and s...Figure 8.5 Temperature‐dependent magnetization of Fe, Co, and Ni below the C...Figure 8.6 (a) Occupied density of states in a 3d transition metal, separate...Figure 8.7 (a) Domains of different magnetization in a ferromagnetic solid. ...Figure 8.8 (a) Magnetic material with a single domain leading to a strong ex...Figure 8.9 Magnetization of a ferromagnetic sample as a function of external...

9 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 A parallel‐plate capacitor. (a) Charges on the plates of the capa...Figure 9.2 Mechanisms leading to microscopic electric polarization. (a) The ...Figure 9.3 The local field on microscopic polarizable units. (a) Microscopic...Figure 9.4 Dielectric function for a damped, driven harmonic oscillator clos...Figure 9.5 (a) Contributions to the imaginary part of by transitions betwe...Figure 9.6 Upper part: The unit cell of barium titanate with the charges o...Figure 9.7 (a) Exposing a piezoelectric material to mechanical stress result...

10 Chapter 10Figure 10.1 Typical temperature‐dependent resistivities of a normal metal an...Figure 10.2 Periodic table of the elements with the superconducting elements...Figure 10.3 (a) Combined effect of a magnetic field and a finite temperature...Figure 10.4 The Meissner effect is not merely a consequence of zero resistiv...Figure 10.5 Illustration of the isotope effect. The graph shows the critical...Figure 10.6 Exponential damping of an external magnetic field near the surfa...Figure 10.7 Local deformation of the lattice via the electrostatic interacti...Figure 10.8 Occupation of single‐electron levels at zero temperature in (a) ...Figure 10.9 Gap size for a superconductor in the BCS model as a function of ...Figure 10.10 Tunneling experiment between a superconductor and a normal meta...Figure 10.11 Qualitative low‐temperature heat capacity of a superconductor i...Figure 10.12 (a) A superconducting ring enclosing a magnetic flux. The magne...Figure 10.13 Resistivity , internal magnetic field , and magnetization a...Figure 10.14 Magnetic flux in a type‐II superconductor. The field penetrates...Figure 10.15 Increase of the highest critical temperature of known superco...

11 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 (a) A thin metal film on a semiconducting or insulating substrat...Figure 11.2 (a) Matching of a bulk electronic state (a Bloch wave) to an exp...Figure 11.3 Illustration of topologically protected metallic states between ...

12 Appendix BFigure B.1 Two‐dimensional lattices with unit cell.